%SSS

@Article{sadourny:1985,
 Author = "R. Sadourny",
 Title = "Quasi-geostrophic turbulence:  an introduction",
 Book = "Turbulence and Predictability in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and
   Climate Dynamics",
 Editor = "M. Ghil et al.",
 Publisher = "North-Holland, N.Y.", 
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "133--158",
 Note = "
     1. Introduction,
     2. Barotropic turbulence,
       a. Nonlinear transfers,
       b. Statistical equilibria,
       c. Stationary solutions:  stability,
       d. Forced stationary turbulence:  phenomenology,
       e. Direct or semi-direct simulations,
       f. Spectral slopes and ZIR intermittency,
       g. Emergence of quasi-stationary vortices,
     3. Baroclinic turbulence,
       a. Simplified formulations,
       b. Statistical equilibria,
       c. Turbulence with large-scale thermal forcing"  }

@Article{salmon:1988,
 Author = "Rick Salmon",
 Title = "Hamiltonian fluid mechanics",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mechanics",
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "225--256",
 Note = "
     1. Introduction,
     2. Fundamentals,
     3. Eulerian forms of Hamilton's principle,
     4. The particle-relabeling symmetry,
     5. Flows with special symmetry,
     6. Poisson brackets,
     7. Nonlinear stability theory,
     8. Reference flows and disturbances,
     9. Approximate dynamical equations"  }

@Article{saltzman:1978,
 Author = "Barry Saltzman",
 Title = "A survey of statistical-dynamical models of the terrestrial climate",
 Journal = "Advances in Geophysics",
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "183-304',
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Fundamental equations governing the terrestrial climatic system,
      2.1  Continuity equations,
      2.2  The equations of motion,
      2.3  The thermodynamical energy equation,
      2.4  Constitutive equations,
    3. Climatic averaging,
      3.1  The ensemble monthly average,
      3.2  The climatological-mean equations,
      3.3  Spatial averaging,
    4. Climate models - an overview,
    5. The vertically integrated, thermodynamic models,
      5.1  Foundations,
      5.2  Applications,
      5.3  Critique,
    6. Momentum models,
      6.1  Equations for the axially symmetric and asymmetric mean states,
      6.2  Symmetric (zonal) models,
      6.3  Asymmetric (nonzonal) models,
      6.4  The complete time average state,
    7. Modeling the evolution of climate,
      7.1  General concepts,
      7.2  Studies of forced climate change,
      7.3  Studies of free climate change,
      7.4  Climatic prediction,
    Appendix.  A simple sea ice-ocean temperature oscillator model,
      A.1  Introduction,
      A.2  The ice limit equation,
      A.3  The surface heat balance,
      A.4  The mean ocean temperature equation,
      A.5  Equilibrium conditions and constants,
      A.6  Linear analysis,
      A.7  Concluding remarks,
    List of symbols,
    References " }

  Saltzman, Barry,
  "Climatic systems analysis,"
  Adv. in Geophysics, Vol. 25, 1983, pp. 173-233.
     1. Introduction
     2. General theoretical considerations and equations:  the basis
          for climate modeling
     3. Time constants and integral constants
       a. Equilibration times for the different climate domains
       b. Some integral constraints on mass and energy
       c. Climate equilibrium of the atmosphere and surface of the
           earth
     4. A prototype deterministic system
       a. The "reference" deterministic solution
       b. Sensitivity of the equilibria to changes in parameters:
           prediction of the second kind
       c. Structural stability
     5. Climate as a stochastic-dynamical system:  effects of random
          forcing
       a. The stochastic amplitude
       b. Structural stochastic Stability
     6. Concluding remarks
      Appendix A:  Resolution of climatic variability
      Appendix B:  Time constatns and conditions for equilibration
      Appendix C:  A generalized SDM governing long-term changes of
        the complete climate system

@article{savin:1977,
 Author = "Savin, S. M.",
 Title = "The history of the Earth's surface temperature during the
    past 100 million years",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "319--355" }

@article{schmitt:1994,
 Author = "Schmitt, Raymond W.",
 Title = "Double diffusion in oceanography",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.",
 Volume = "26",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "255--285",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Salt fingers,
    3. Diffusive convection, 
    4. Intrusions,
    5. Large--scale implications,
    6. Summary" } 

  Schneider, Stephen H., and Robert E. Dickinson,
  "Climate modeling",
  Reviews of Geophys. and Space Phys., Vol. 12, 1974, pp. 447-493.
     A. Introduction
       1. Climate modeling:  What for?
       2. Definition of "climate"
       3. Internal vs. external 'causes' of climate change
       4. Climatic predictability
       5. Climate signal, noise, and equilibrium
     B. Ingredients of a theory of climate
       1. Physical factors affecting climate
       2. Assorted climatic coupling mechanisms
         a. Temperature-radiation feedback
         b. Water vapor-greenhouse feedback
         c. Snow and ice cover albedo-temperature feedback
         d. Cloudiness-surface temperature coupling
         e. Radiative-dynamic coupling
         f. Ocean-atmosphere coupling
         g. Lapse rate-surface temperature coupling
       3. Approach to mathematical modeling of the climate
       4. Diagnostic data for model validation
     C. Modeling methodology
       1. Classification of climate models
       2. Hierarchy of climate models
         a. Horizontally-averaged, one-dimensional vertical coordinate models
         b. Horizontally varying energy balance models
         c. Zonally symmetric dynamic models of the atmosphere
         d. Atmospheric dynamic models emphasizing longitudinal variation
         e. Zonally symmetric models of the earth-atmosphere system
         f. Three-dimensional circulation models of the atmosphere
         g. Three-dimensional circulation models of the earth-atmosphere
              system
       3. Modeling conditions at the lower boundary
         a. Role of the lower boundary in climate modeling
         b. Albedo
         c. Parameterization of boundary layer transports
         d. Factors controlling ocean surface temperature
         e. Ice and snow
         f. Ground hydrology
     D. Further discussion of mathematical aspects of climate models
       1. Horizontally averaged models
         a. Radiative flux calculation
         b. Convective adjustment
       2. Energy balance models
         a. Function of latitude only
         b. Function of latitude and longitude
       3. Eddy flux parameterizations in zonally symmetric dynamic models
         a. Background
         b. Baroclinic wave theory
         c. Finite-amplitude wave-zonal flow interaction
         d. Eddy mixing by baroclinic waves
     E. Concluding remarks
       1. Other topics related to climate modeling
         a. Upper atmosphere
         b. Planetary atmospheres
       2. Future of climate modeling

  Schwartz, L. W., and J. D. Fenton,
  "Strongly nonlinear waves,"
  Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 14, 1982, pp. 39-60.
     1. Introduction
     2. The canonical problem:  steady waves
     3. Other periodic waves
     4. Unsteady waves

@article{scott-chu-etal:1973,
 Author = "Scott, Alwyn C. and F.Y.F. Chu and David W. McLaughlin",
 Title = "The soliton:  A new concept in applied science",
 Journal = "Proc. of the IEEE",
 Volume = "61",
 Year = "1973",
 Pages = "1443--1483",
 Note = "
      I. Introduction,
     II. Wave equations that exhibit solitons,
    III. Elementary soliton calculations,
     IV. Elementary spectral considerations,
      V. The inverse method,
     VI. Constants of the motion and conservation laws,
    VII. Stability of traveling waves,
   VIII. Fundamental physical theory,
     IX. Conclusions" }

@Article{sewell-roulstone:1993,
 Author = "Sewell, M. J., and I. Roulstone",
 Title = "Anatomy of the canonical transformation",
 Journal = "Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "345",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "577--598",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Definition,
    3. Motivation,
    4. Anatomy,
    5. More examples,
      a. Hodograph-related transformation,
      b. Semi-geostrophic theory,
      c. Thermodynamics,
      d. Numerical integration,
    6. Alternative definitions,
    7. Higher dimensions,
    8. Conclusions" } 

  Shepherd, Theodore G.,
  "Symmetries, conservation laws, and Hamiltonian structure in
    geophysical fluid dynamics,"
  Advances in Geophysics, Vol, 32, pp. 287-338.
     1. Introduction
     2. Finite-dimensional dynamical systems
     3. Infinite-dimensional (continuous) systems with Noether's theorem
     4. Fluid-dynamical examples
     5. Wave-activity conservation laws
     6. Nonlinear stability theory
     7. Approximation of equations
     8. Energy-extremization algorithms

  Shermann, F. S., J. Imberger, and G. M. Corcos,
  "Turbulence and mixing in stably stratified waters,"
  Ann. Rev. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 10, 1978, pp. 267-288.

@article{simkin:1993,
 Author = "Simkin, Tom",
 Title = "Terrestrial volcanism in space and time",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.",
 Volume = "21",
 Pages = "427--452",
 Year = "1993",
 TOC = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Volcanoes,
    3. Variation through space,
      a. Number of volcanoes,
      b. Tectonic setting,
    4. Eruptions,
      a. Types and processes,
      b. Durations,
    5. Variation through time,
      a. Historical patterns,
      b. New approaches,
      c. Volcanic cycles and episodicity,
      d. Regional/global episodicity,
      e. Magnitude and frequency of volcanism,
    6. Huge eruptions and their effects,
    7. Volcanic hazard" }

  Simpson, John E.,
  "Gravity currents in the laboratory, atmosphere, and ocean,"
  Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 14, 1982, pp. 213-234.
     1. Introduction
     2. The head of the current
     3. The dynamics of gravity-current fronts
     4. The spread of negatively buoyant fluid
     5. In the atmosphere
     6. In the ocean
     7. Suspension flows
     8. Ambient stratification
     9. Universality of gravity currents

  Soulsby, Richard L.,
  "Tidal-current boundary layers,"
  In _The Sea, Vol. 9, Part A:  Ocean Engineering Science_,
    John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1990, pp. 523-566.
     1. Introduction
     2. Basic principles
     3. Vertical profiles of currents
       a. Theory
       b. Observations
       c. Density stratification
       d. Simple expressions
     4. Bottom friction
       a. Bed roughness
       b. Friction formulae
       c. The effect of superimposed waves
       d. Boundary layer thickness
       e. Energy dissipation
     5. The coastal boundary layer
     6. Conclusions

Author:  "Spindel, Robert C.",
Title:  "Sound transmission in the ocean",
Journal:  "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.",
Vol:  "17",
Year:  "1985",
Pages:  "217--237",
Comments:  "
    1. Introduction,
    2. The ocean acoustic environment,
    3. Analytic models,
    4. Mesoscale and internal-wave effects,
    5. Inverse techniques, 
    6. Concluding remarks  "

  Sreevivasan, K. R.,
  "Fractals and multifractals in fluid turbulence,"
  Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 23, 1991, pp. 539-600.
     1. Introduction
       a. Scope
       b. Seeking scale similarity in real space
     2. Self-similar and self-affine fractals
       a. Self-similarity, power laws, and the fractal dimension
       b. The method of intersections and the additive law
       c. Some methods for fractal-dimension measurement
       d. Self-affine fractals
     3. Fractal dimension of surfaces in turbulent flows
       a. The scalar interface
       b. The dimension of the K-range
       c. The dimension in the B-range
       d. The dimension of the vorticity interface
       e. The dimension of atmospheric cloud boundaries
       f. An interpretation of dimension results
     4. Fractal dimension of flame surfaces
     5. Multifractals
       a. Introduction
       b. Characterization of multifractals by the singularity spectrum
           and generalized dimensions
       c. Measurement of the multifractal spectrum
     6. Multifractal spectra in turbulence:  experimental results and
         interpretation
       a. The energy dissipation rate, or the energy flux in the
           inertial range
       b. The scalar dissipation rate
       c. Further multifractal results and joint multifractals
       d. Modeling of the measured multifractal distributions
       e. Fluctuations in scaling exponents
     7. Detailed nature of scale similarity in turbulence
     8. Summary and conclusions

@incollection{stewart:1992,
 Author = "Stewart, I. N.",
 Title = "Bifurcation theory old and new",
 Booktitle = "The Dynamics of Numerics and the Numerics of Dynamics",
 Editor = "D. S. Broomhead and A. Iserles",
 Series = "The Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications Conference
    Series",
 Number = "34",
 Publisher = "Clarendon Press, Oxford",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "31--67",
 ISBN = "0-19-853642-9",
 LOC = "QA 297 C644 1992",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Local bifurcation theory,
      2.1  Gradient systems,
      2.2  Most general setting,
      2.3  Steady state bifurcation,
      2.4  Hopf bifurcation,
      2.5  Symmetry,
      2.6  Symmetry in steady--state bifurcation,
      2.7  Hopf bifurcation,
    3. Bifurcations in lapwood convection,
      3.1  Symmetry,
      3.2  Linear analysis,
      3.3  Extension methods for Neumann problems,
    4. Symmetric chaos,
      4.1  Odd logistic map,
      4.2  Odd dihedral symmetry,
      4.3  Torus maps,
      4.4  A theory of turbulent vortices" }

  Stewartson, K.,
  "Homogeneous fluids in rotation:  waves,"
  In _Rotating Fluids in Geophysics_, P. H. Roberts, A. M. Sowards, eds.,
   Academic Press, N.Y., 1978, pp. 67-100.
     1. Introduction
     2. Basic equations
     3. Almost rigid motions
     4. Plane intertial waves
     5. Reflection of inertial waves
     6. Waves in closed containers
     7. Inertial waves between concentric spheres
     8. Rossby waves
     9. The beta plane

  Stommel, Henry,
  "A survey of ocean current theory,"
  Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 4, 1957, pp. 149-184.
     1. Introduction
     2. The current systems of Hough and Goldbrough
     3. Extension to the wind as a causal agent and to more general
         ocean-basin shapes
     4. Some integral relations pertaining to thermohaline and internal
         mode circulations and application to interpretation of the Atlantic
         Ocean circulation
     5. Extension to density-layered models in the steady state
     6. Time-variable systems:  free waves on a homogeneous ocean of
         uniform depth
     7. Free second class waves in a density-stratified ocean
     8. Transient response of the ocean to a variable driving force
     9. The stability of the solutions and the dilemma of the Antarctic
         Circumpolar Current

@incollection{stuart:1963,
 Author = "Stuart, J. T.",
 Title = "Hydrodynamic stability",
 Booktitle = "Laminar Boundary Layers",
 Editor = "L. Rosenhead",
 Publisher = "Dover Pub. Inc.",
 Year = "1963",
 Pages = "492--579",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Centrifugal instability,
    3. Thermal instability,
    4. The instability of two-dimensional parallel flows,
    5. Applications of the instability theory to two-dimensional boundary
         layers,
    6. The instability of three-dimensional boundary layers,
    7. The instability of wakes, jets, and laminar mixing regions,
    8. Non-linear aspects of the mechanics of instability" }

@incollection{sunderman:1984,
 Author = "S{\"u}nderman, J.",
 Title = "Numerical modelling of barotropic circulation processes",
 Booktitle = "Hydrodynamics of Lakes",
 Editor = "K. Hutter",
 Publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
 Year = "1984",
 Series = "CISM Courses and Lectures",
 Number = "286",
 Pages = "209--234",
 TOC = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Basic formulation,
    3. Numerical algorithms,
      3.1  Time integration,
      3.2  Space integration,
    4. Actual methods at the Institute of Oceanography, Hamburg,
      4.1  3D-barotropic dynamics,
      4.2  Tracer convection and diffusion,
    5. Applications,
      5.1  WInd-driven circulation in the Belt Sea,
      5.2  Tidal flow in the Elbe estuary,
      5.3  Flux-corrected-transport (FCT) methods for the solution
             of the convection equation,
      5.4  Propagation of radioactive Cs$^{137}$ in the North Sea" }

  Sundquist, Eric T.,
  "Geological perspectives on carbon dioxide and the carbon cycle,"
  In _The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2:  Natural variations Archean
    to Present_, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1985, E. T. Sundquist and
    W. S. Broecker, eds., pp. 5-59.
     1. Introduction
     2. Fossil fuel resources
     3. The atmosphere
     4. The oceans
       a. Air-sea exchange
       b. Ocean mixing
       c. Biological processes
       d. Uptake of anthropogenic CO2
     5. Terrestrial plants and soils
     6. Weathering and sedimentation
       a. The importance of alkalinity
       b. River fluxes
       c. Carbonate burial
       d. Organic carbon burial
     7. Eigenanalysis
       a. Theory
       b. Application
     8. Conclusions

@incollection{sundqvist:1979,
 Author = "Sundqvist, Hilding",
 Title = "Vertical coordinates and related discretization",
 Booktitle = "Numerical Methods Used in Atmspheric Models, Vol. II",
 Publisher = "World Meteor. Org.",
 Number = "GARP Pub. Series No. 17",
 Year = "1979",
 Pages = "1--52",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Basic system of equations,
    3. Basic equations expressed in a generalized vertical coordinate system,
    4. Energy equations,
    5. Various vertical coordinates and incorporation of orography,
    6. Difference analogues and truncation,
    7. Summary" }
 
@incollection{sundstrom-elvius:1979,
 Author = "Sundstr\"om, Arne, and Torbj\"orn Elvius",
 Title = "Computational problems related to limited--area modeling",
 Booktitle = "Numerical Methods Used in Atmspheric Models, Vol. II",
 Publisher = "World Meteor. Org.",
 Number = "GARP Pub. Series No. 17",
 Year = "1979",
 Pages = "381--418",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. The continuous problem:  Proper boundary conditions and rate of
        spread of local errors,
    3. Numerical scheme:  Accuracy and stability questions,
    4. Useful time length of a limited--area forecast,
    5. Final remarks" }

  Sverdrup, H. U.,
  "Oceanography,"
  In _Handbuch der Physik_, Vol. XLVIII, Geophysics II, Springer-Verlag,
    1957, pp. 608-670.
     A. Introduction
     B. Oceanographic instruments and methods
     C. The ocean basins
     D. The waters of the oceans
     E. The sea-air boundary layer
     F. The heat budget of the ocean
     G. General distribution of salinity, temperature and density
     H. The water masses of the oceans
     I. Applications of hydrodynamics
     J. Currents of the oceans

 TTT

@incollection{tarantola:1990,
 Author = "Tarantola, A.",
 Title = "Probabilistic foundation of inverse theory",
 Booktitle = "Oceanographic and Geophysical Tomography",
 Series = "Les Houches {\'E}cole D'{\'E}t{\'e} de Physique
    Th{\'e}orique, Session L, NATO Advanced Study Institute",
 Publisher = "North-Holland",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "1--28",
 TOC = "
    1. Abstract,
    2. Introduction to probability densities and volumetric probabilities,
    3. The notions of capacity element and of volume element,
    4. Information content,
    5. The state of null information,
    6. The state of perfect knowledge,
    7. Combination of informations,
    8. The data space, the model space, and the joint data X model space,
    9. Information given by physical theories,
   10. The inverse problem as a problem of combination of information,
   11. Example 1:  theoretical uncertainties neglected,
   12. Example 2:  all uncertainties are Gaussian,
   13. Robust inversion,
   14. Bibliographical comments" }

@incollection{taylor:1984,
 Author = "Taylor, T. D.",
 Title = "Recent advances in pseudo-spectral methods",
 Booktitle = "Spectral Methods for Partial Differential Equations",
 Editor = "Robert G. Voigt and David Gottlieb and M. Yousuff Hussaini",
 Publisher = "SIAM, Philadelphia",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "257--267",
 TOC = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. The pseudo-spectral methods,
    3. Applications and test examples,
    4. Incompressible flow applications,
    5. Summary" }

@incollection{temam:1992,
 Author = "Temam, R.",
 Title = "General methods for approximating inertial manifolds:  Applications
    to computing",
 Booktitle = "The Dynamics of Numerics and the Numerics of Dynamics",
 Editor = "D. S. Broomhead and A. Iserles",
 Series = "The Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications Conference
    Series",
 Number = "34",
 Publisher = "Clarendon Press, Oxford",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "1--21",
 ISBN = "0-19-853642-9",
 LOC = "QA 297 C644 1992",
 Note = "
    1. Introduction,
    2. Asymptotic methods for the construction of AIMs,
    3. The nonlinear Galerkin method in spectral methods and finite elements,
    4. The IU method,
    5. Conclusion" }

  Trefethen, Lloyd, N.,
  "Group velocity in finite difference schemes,"
  SIAM Review, Vol. 24, 1982, pp. 113-136.
     1. Dispersion relations and group velocity
     2. Pulses, wave packets and wave fronts
     3. Parasites, interfaces and mesh refinement
     4. Group velocity in two dimensions
     5. Group velocity and stability
     6. Summary

  Tritton, D. J.,
  "Turbulence in rotating fluids,"
  In _Rotating Fluids in Geophysics_, P. H. Roberts, A. M. Sowards, eds.,
   Academic Press, N.Y., 1978, pp. 105-138.
     1. Introduction
     2. What is turbulence?
     3. Principal concepts in the study of turbulence
     4. Grid turbulence in a rotating fluid
     5. Vorticity expulsion and cyclone generation
     6. Ekman layers
     7. Shear flows with vorticity parallel to the basic rotation
     8. Channel flow
     9. Free shear flows

@incollection{tritton-davies:1981,
 Author = "Tritton, D. J. and P. A. Davies",
 Title = "Instabilities in geophysical fluid dynamics",
 Booktitle = "Hydrodynamic Instabilities and the Transition to Turbulence",
 Editor = "H. L. Swinney and J. P. Gollub",
 Publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "229--270",
 Note = "
    1. Overview,
    2. Consequences of instabilities in nature,
    3. Stratified shear flow,
      3.1  The Richardson number,
      3.2  Stably stratified free shear layers,
      3.3  Wall flows,
      3.4  Horizontal shear,
    4. Shear flows in rotating fluids,
      4.1  Stabilizing and destabilizing effects of rotation,
      4.2  Theoretical and experimental examples,
      4.3  The $\beta$ effect,
    5. Baroclinic instability in a rotating fluid,
      5.1  The Eady problem,
      5.2  Symmetric baroclinic instability,
      5.3  Annulus experiments,
      5.4  Two-layer flows,
    6. Multidiffusive instabilities,
      6.1  Linear stability theory,
      6.2  Diffusive layering,
      6.3  Salt fingers,
      6.4  Sideways diffusive instability,
      6.5  Nonthermohaline double diffusion" }
 
  Turner, J. S.,
  "Small-scale mixing processes,"
  In _Evolution of Physical Oceanography_, Bruce A. Warren, Carl Wunsch,
   eds., MIT, 1981, pp. 236-262.
     1. Introduction
     2. Preliminary discussin of various mechanisms
       a. Classification of mixing processes
       b. Turbulent shear flows
       c. Buoyancy effects and buoyancy parameters
       d. Turbulent mixing and diffusion in the horizontal
     3. Vertical mixing in the upper layers of the ocean
       a. Parameterization of stratified shear flows
       b. Mixed-layer models
         1) Mixing driven by a surface stress
         2) The influence of surface waters
         3) Input of turbulent energy on smaller scales
         4) The effect of a surface heat flux
       c. Energy arguments describing the behavior of the thermocline
       d. Comparison of models and observations
     4. Mixing in the interior of the ocean
       a. Mechanical mixing processes
         1) Energy constraints on mixing
         2) Instability of waves in a smoothly stratified fluid
         3) Mixing due to interfacial stress
         4) Microstructure in turbulent patches
       b. Convective mixing
         1) Double-diffusive instabilities
         2) Two- and three-dimensional effects
         3) Double-diffusive fluxes through interfaces
         4) Multiple transports through diffusive interfaces
         5) Cabbeling and related instabilities
       c. Observations of fine structure and microstructure
     5. Mixing near the bottom of the ocean
       a. Mixing induced by mean currents
       b. Buoyancy driven bottom flows
         1) Turbulent gravity currents
         2) Buoyancy layers
       c. Mixing due to internal waves
       d. The effect of bottom mixing on the interior