%KKKK @incollection{kajiura-shuto:1990, Author = "Kajiura, Kinjiro and Nobuo Shuto", Title = "Tsunamis", Booktitle = "The Sea, Vol. 9, Part A: Ocean Engineering Science", Publisher = "John Wiley & Sons", Year = "1990", Pages = "395--420", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \begin{enumerate} \item Experienced and witnessed tsunamis \item Measurment of tsunamis \item Tsunami magnitude and intensity scale \end{enumerate} \item Space and time distribution of tsunami sources \begin{enumerate} \item Global tectonics and tsunami sources \item Recurrence of tsunami generation \item Tsunamis in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea \item Tsunamis generated by other causes \end{enumerate} \item Generation of tsunamis \begin{enumerate} \item Transient waves due to bottom disturbances \item Earthquake source \item Earthquake source finiteness \item Similarity of earthquake faults \item Efficiency of tsunami generation and tsunami energy \end{enumerate} \item Propagation and shallow-water effects \begin{enumerate} \item Finite fault model and tsunami \item Applicability of nondispersive wave theory in deep water \item Effects of island and continental shelf \item Shore processes \end{enumerate} \item Disasters and prevention \begin{enumerate} \item Kinds of disaster \item Tsunami defense works \end{enumerate} \item Numerical simulation \begin{enumerate} \item Basic equations \item Initial and boundary conditions \item Selection of grid size \item Verification of numerical results \end{enumerate} \item Concluding remarks \end{enumerate}" } @incollection{kalnay-livezey:1985, Author = "Kalnay, E. and R. Livezey", Title = "Weather predictability beyond a week: an introductory review", Booktitle = "Turbulence and Predictability in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Climate Dynamics", Publisher = "North-Holland", Year = "1985, Pages = "311--346", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item The problem of weather predictability: an example \item Predictability and global forecast error growth \item Predictability of time averages: internal dynamics vs. boundary forcing \item Predictability of long-lived atmospheric phenomena \item Current status of long-range forecasting \item Current research and future outlook \end{enumerate}" } @article{karl-tarpley-etal:1989, Title = "The recent climate record: What it can and cannot tell us", Author = "Karl, Thomas R. and J. Dan Tarpley and Robert G. Quayle and Henry F. Diaz and David A. Robinson and Raymond S. Bradley", Journal = "Rev. Geophys.", Volume = "27", Year = "1989", Pages = "405--430", Annote = "Reviews the problems of observing the climate and current capabilities in this regard. The climate elements addressed include space- and land-based observations of temperature, liquid and frozen precipitation, snow cover and sea ice, and vegetation. For each climate variable, consideration is given to the accuracy and precision of relevant instruments and procedures, representativeness, spatial and temporal variability, data reduction and quality control, and accessibility of the data.", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Space-based observations \begin{enumerate} \item Background \item Orbits/coverage \item Earth location of satellite data \item Biases and calibration \end{enumerate} \item Temperature \begin{enumerate} \item Land \begin{enumerate} \item Surface-based observations \item Space-based observations \end{enumerate} \item Sea \begin{enumerate} \item Surface-based observations \item Space-based observations \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} \item Precipitation \begin{enumerate} \item Land \item Sea \begin{enumerate} \item Surface-based observations \item Space-based observations \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} \item Snow cover and sea ice \begin{enumerate} \item Background \item Snow cover \begin{enumerate} \item Surface-based observations \item Space-based observations \end{enumerate} \item Sea ice \end{enumerate} \item Vegetation \item Conclusions and recommendations \end{enumerate}" } @article{karniadakis-orszag:1993, Author = "Karniadakis, George Em and Steven A. Orszag" Title = "Nodes, modes and flow codes" Journal = "Physics Today" Volume = "46" Year = "1993", Month = "mar", Pages = "34--42" Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item The need for parallel processing, \item Nodes: parallel computers, \item Modes: Discrete approximations to flows, \begin{enumerate} \item Spectral methods, \item Spectral-element methods, \item Particle methods, \item Hybrid difference methods, \end{enumerate} \item Flow codes: Parallel simulations of turbulence, \item Perspective \end{enumerate}" } @inproceedings{kauranne:1988, Author = "Kauranne, Tuomo", Title = "An introduction to parallel processing in meteorology", Booktitle = "The Dawn of Massively Parallel Processing in Meteorology", Editor = "G.-R. Hoffman and D. K. Maretis", Publisher = "Springer--Verlag", Year = "1988", Pages = "3-20", ISBN = "0-387-51909-2", Keyword = "parallel computing, meteorology, climatology", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction, \item Levels of parallelism in an atmospheric model, \item Some basic concepts in parallel computing, \item Classifying massively parallel computers, \item Some common interconnection topologies, \item Amdahl's law revisited, \item Meteorological computing in the 1990s: a vision \end{enumerate}" } @article{kay-marple:1981, Author = "Kay, Steven M. and Stanley L. Marple, Jr.", Title = "Spectrum analysis--A modern perspective", Journal = "Proc. IEEE", Volume = "69", Year = "1981", Pages = "1380--1419", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Review of spectral estimation techniques \begin{enumerate} \item Spectral density estimations \item Traditional methods (periodogram, Blackman-Tukey) \item Modeling and parameter identification approach \item Rational transfer function modeling methods \item Autoregressive (AR) PSD estimation \item Moving average (MA) PSD estimation \item Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) PSD estimation \item Pisarenko harmonic decomposition \item Prony energy spectral density estimation \item Prony spectral line estimation \item Maximum likelihood method (MLM) \end{enumerate} \item Summary of techniques \begin{enumerate} \item Summary table \item Illustration of each spectral estimate \end{enumerate} \item Other applications of spectral estimation methods \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Time series extrapolation and interpolation \item Prewhitening filters \item Bandwidth compression \item Spectral smoothing \item Beamforming \item Lattice filters \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}" } @incollection{kiehl:1992, Title = "Atmospheric general circulation modeling", Author = "Jeffrey T. Kiehl", Booktitle = "Climate System Modeling", Editor = "Kevin E. Trenberth", Publisher = "Cambridge Univ. Press", Year = "1992", Pages = "319--370", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \begin{enumerate} \item Historical review \item Hierarchy of atmospheric models \end{enumerate} \item Simple models of the atmosphere \begin{enumerate} \item Zero-dimensional models \item One-dimensional models \item Two-dimensional climate models \end{enumerate} \item Atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) \begin{enumerate} \item Parameterization of atmospheric radiation \item Convective processes in atmospheric models \item Planetary boundary layer and surface processes \item Cloud prediction schemes for atmospheric models \item Mechanical dissipation mechanisms in the free atmosphere \end{enumerate} \item Simulation and validation of AGCMs \item Future improvements for AGCMs \end{enumerate}" } @incollection{kielmann-simons:1984, Author = "Kielmann, J. and T. J. Simons", Title = "Some aspects of baroclinic circulation models", Booktitle = "Hydrodynamics of Lakes", Editor = "K. Hutter", Publisher = "Springer-Verlag", Year = "1984", Series = "CISM Courses and Lectures", Number = "286", Pages = "235--286", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction, \item Circulation in stratified two-layer models, \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction, \item Two-layer equations, \item Normal modes of a two-layer system, \item External and internal modes, \item Steady-state two-layer circulation, \item Time-dependent two-layer circulation, \end{enumerate} \item Multi-layer and multi-level models of stratified circulation, \begin{enumerate} \item Layered model variables and equations, \item External and internal flow, \item The combined effect of topography and baroclinicity, \item Three-dimensional steady state diagnostic models, \item Examples in a multi-level model of the Baltic, \end{enumerate} \item The numerical solution of advection-diffusion equations, \begin{enumerate} \item Central difference scheme (CDS), \item Upstream difference scheme (UDS), \item The Lax-Wendro scheme (LWS), \item The flux-correct transport (FCT), \item Example for variance conservation, \end{enumerate} \item List of symbols \end{enumerate}" } @article{killworth:1983, Title = "Deep convection in the world ocean", Author = "Killworth, Peter D.", Journal = "Rev. of Geophys. and Space Phys.", Volume = "21", Year = "1983", Pages = "1--26", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Areas of deep convection near ocean boundaries \item The physics of deep convection near ocean boundaries \item Areas of open-ocean deep convection \item The physics of open-ocean deep convection \item Interaction between deep convective events and the remainder of the world ocean \item Discussion of future needs \end{enumerate}" } @article{killworth:1980, Author = "Killworth, Peter D.", Title = "Barotropic and baroclinic instability in rotating stratified fluids", Journal = "Dynamics of Atmos. and Oceans", Volume = "4", Year = "1980", Pages = "143--184", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Equations of motion \item Nondimensionalization \item Energetics \item Necessary conditions for instability \item The case of small lambda: horizontal length scales much smaller than deformation radius \item The case of small delta: stratification confined to a small fraction of the depth \item The case of large lambda: horizontal length scales much larger than deformation radius \item The case of large lambda and small delta: horizonta length scales much larger than deformation radius, and stratification confined to a small fraction of the depth \item Transition regions: parameters of the order of unity \item Discussion: local calculations \item Conclusions \end{enumerate}" } @article{klein:1990, Author = "Klein, P.", Title = "Transition to chaos in unstable baroclinic systems: a review", Journal = "Fluid Dyn. Res.", Volume = "5", Year = "1990", Pages = "235--???" } @incollection{knauss:1963, Author = "Knauss, J. A.", Title = "Equatorial current system", Booktitle = "The Sea, Vol. 2", Editor = "M. N. Hill", Year = "1963", Pages = "235--252" } @article{knox-anderson:1985, Author = "Knox, R. A., and D. L. T. Anderson", Title = "Recent advances in the study of low-latitude ocean circulation", Journal = "Prog. Oceanogr.", Volume = "14", Year = "1985", Pages = "259--317" } @article{korpel-banerjee:1984, Author = "Korpel, Adrian, and Partha P. Banerjee", Title = "A heuristic guide to nonlinear dispersive wave equations and soliton-type solutions", Journal = "Proc. IEEE", Volume = "72", Year = "1984", Pages = "1109--1130", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Dispersion relations and differential operators \begin{enumerate} \item One-dimensional propagation \item Propagation in higher dimensions \item Examples \end{enumerate} \item Nonlinearity \begin{enumerate} \item Nonlinear extension of wave equations \item Examples \end{enumerate} \item Solutions \begin{enumerate} \item Balance between nonlinearity and dispersion for baseband propagation \item Baseband standard solutions \item Balance between nonlinearity and dispersion for envelope propagation \item Stability criteria for envelope propagation and stationary solutions \end{enumerate} \item Conclusions \end{enumerate}" } @article{koshlyakov-monin:1978, Author = "Koshlyakov, M.N. and A.S. Monin", Title = "Synoptic eddies in the ocean", Journal = "Ann. Rev. of Earth and Plan. Sciences", Volume = "6", Year = "1978", Pages = "495--523" } @article{kraniauskas:1994, Author = "Kraniauskas, Peter", Title = "A plain man's guide to the FFT", Journal = "IEEE Signal Processing Magazine", Volume = "?", Year = "1994", Month = "apr", Pages = "24--35", Keyword = "signal processing, FFT", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction, \item Discrete Fourier transform, \begin{enumerate} \item Transform as a sum of exponentials, \item Single time component, \item Shifting properties, \item Simplified notation, \item The economics of FFT algorithms, \end{enumerate} \item Radix-2 decimation-in-frequency, \begin{enumerate} \item Even-numbered and odd-numbered samples, \item Decimation stage, \item Radix-2 algorithm, \end{enumerate} \item Radix-2 decimation-in-time, \begin{enumerate} \item Half-length transforms, \item Decimation stage and radix-2 algorithm, \end{enumerate} \item Other radices, \begin{enumerate} \item Radix-3 decimation stage, \item Radix-4 decimation stage, \end{enumerate} \item Conclusions \end{enumerate}" } @incollection{kraus:1987, Author = "Kraus, Eric B.", Title = "Merits and defects of different approaches to mixed layer modeling", Booktitle = "Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean", Editor = "J. Nihoul and B. Jamart", Publisher = "Elsevier", Year = "1987", Pages = "37--50", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Integral mixed-layer models \item Diffusive models \item Eddy simulating models \item Summary \end{enumerate}" } @techreport{kreiss-oliger:1973, Author = "Kreiss, H. and J. Oliger", Title = "Methods for the approximate solution of time dependent problems", Series = "GARP Publications Series", Number = "10", Month = "feb", Year = "1973", Pages = "107", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Difference approximations for ODEs \item Some simple differene approximations for ODEs \item The importance of the truncation error and the stability definition for error estimates \item Some remarks on the choice of a difference method and the step size \item The leap-frog scheme \item Notation and elementary theorems \item Well-posed Cauchy problems \item Stable difference approximations for the Cauchy problem \item Difference approximations for hyperbolic systems \item On the choice of a difference scheme \item Trigonometric interpolation \item The Fourier method \item Implicit difference methods \item Nonlinear instability \item Initial boundary-value problems for hyperbolic equations \item Initial boundary-value problems for parabolic equations \item Difference approximations for the initial boundary-value problem - stability definition \item Difference approximations for the initial boundary-value problem - some stable methods \item The shallow-water equations \item Grids \item Discontinuities \end{enumerate}" } @incollection{kukla:1981, Title = "Surface albedo", Author = "Berger, A.", Booktitle = "Climatic Variations and Variability: Facts and Theories", Editor = "A. Berger", Publisher = "D. Reidel", Year = "1981", Pages = "85--109", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Definition \item Climatic significance of the albedo \item Albedo controls \begin{enumerate} \item Physical composition \item Spectral composition of incoming radiation \item Directional distribution of incoming radiation \item Specular reflectance \item Effect of surface moisture on albedo \item Surface roughness \item Effect of terrain \item Albedo measurements \item Overview of surface albedo determinations \end{enumerate} \item Conclusion \end{enumerate}" } @article{kuo:1973, Author = "Kuo, H. L.", Title = "Dynamics of quasigeostrophic flows and instability theory", Journal = "Adv. Appl. Mechanics", Volujme = "13", Year = "1973", Pages = "247--330", Note = " \begin{enumerate} \item Introduction \item Tendency toward geostrophic balance in rotating fluids \item Simplified hydrodynamic equations for large scale quasigeostrophic flows \item Permanent-wave solutions of nonlinear potential vorticity equation in spherical coordinates \item Stability of zonal currents for small amplitude quasigeostrophic disturbances \item General stability theory: integral relations and necessary conditions for instability \item Stability characteristics of barotropic zonal currents and Rossby parameter \item Pure baroclinic disturbances \item Finite amplitude unstable disturbances \item Instability theory of frontal waves \item Concluding remarks \end{enumerate}" } %LLLL @article{latif-barnett-etal:1994, Author = "Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett and M. A. Cane and M. Flugel and N.E. Graham and H. von Storch and J. S. Xu and S. E. Zebiak", Title = "A review of ENSO prediction studies", Journal = "Clim. Dyn", Volume = "9", Year = "1994", Pages = "167--179" } Launder, B. E., "Phenomenological modeling: present and future," In _Whither Turbulence_, J. L. Lumley, ed., Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1990, pp. 439-485. LeBlond, P. H. and L. A. Mysak, "Trapped coastal waves and their role in shelf dynamics," In _The Sea, Vol. 6: Ocean Modeling_, E. D. Goldberg et al., eds., Wiley-Interscience, N.Y., 1977, pp. 459-495. 1. Basic formulation of the problem 2. Topographic wave trapping: ray theory 3. Trapped waves on a sloping beach with f /= 0 4. Observations of edge waves 5. Edge waves, rip currents, and beach cusps 6. Trapped waves on other topographies 7. Trapped waves on a sloping shelf of finite width 8. Trapped waves on a flat shelf 9. Shelf waves on an exponential shelf 10. Observations of shelf waves 11. The role of shelf waves in coastal and deep-ocean dynamics 12. Trapped waves in a stratified fluid Leetma, Ants, Julian P. McCreary, Jr., and Dennis W. Moore, "Equatorial currents: observations and theory," In _Evolution of Physical Oceanography_, Bruce A. Warren, Carl Wunsch, eds., MIT, 1981, pp. 504-548. 1. Introduction 2. Observations a. The ocean b. The wind field 3. Theories a. Integrated theories b. Baroclinic theories 4. Discussion Leibovich, S., "The form and dynamics of Langmuir circulations," Ann. Rev. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 15, 1983, pp. 391-427. Levich, E., "Certain problems in the theory of developed hydrodynamical turbulence," Physics Reports, Vol. 151, Nos. 3 & 4, 1987, pp. 129-238. Introduction 1. The Reynolds equation 2. Conservation laws and fluxes in Fourier space 3. Certain properties of Euler flows a. General properties b. Topology of inviscid flows c. Steady Euler flows d. Theorem 4. The helical nature of turbulence a. Helical fluctuations b. Helical hierarchy, turbulent structures, intermittence c. The I-invariant; inverse cascade in 3D turbulence d. Fast time 5. The helical concept of turbulence and experiment a. Structure in the turbulent flows b. Geophysical flows c. Computer experiments 6. The fractal concept and intermittence of turbulence a. Properties of FHT (fractally homogeneous turbulence) b. Hyperbolic models 7. Fractals and path integral 8. Asymptotic solution of the renormalized dynamic equation: interpretation and comparison with experiment a. Asymptotic solution b. Interpretation c. Comparison with numerical and laboratory experiment 9. Concluding remarks Appendices References @incollection{li:1990, Author = "Li, Y. C.", Title = "Wave-current interaction", Booktitle = "Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering - Volume 1: Wave Phenomena and Coastal Structures", Editor = "John B. Herbich", Publisher = "Gulf Publishing Co., Houston", Year = "1990", Pages = "703--726", Note = " 1. Introduction, 2. Principle of conservation of wave energy flux, 3. Principle of conservation of wave action flux, 4. Wave transformation in currents (monochromatic waves), 5. Current-depth refraction of water waves (monochromatic waves), 6. Wave frequency spectra transformation in a current, 7. Current-depth refraction of wave frequency spectra" } @article{liandrat-moret-bailly:1990, Author = "Liandrat, J. and F. Moret-Bailly", Title = "The wavelet transform: Some applications to fluid dynamics and turbulence", Journal = "Eur. J. Mech., B/Fluids", Vol = "9", Year = "1990", Pages = "1--19", Keyword = "wavelets, turbulence", Note = " 1. Introduction, 2. Definition and basic properties, 2.1 Definitions, 2.2 Description of graphic conventions, 2.3 Comments and interpretation from the point of view of fluid dynamics and turbulence, 2.4 Reconstruction formula and energy conservation, 2.5 Reproducing kernel property, 2.6 Choice of the wavelet family, 3. Some examples of applications in fluid dynamics and turbulence, 3.1 Application to the analysis of some turbulence signals, 3.2 Wavelet transform and computational fluid dynamics, 4. Conclusion" } @article{lick:1977, Author = "Lick, W.", Title = "Numerical modeling of lake currents", Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.", Volume = "4", Year = "1977", Pages = "49--74" } Lighthill, M. J., "Dynamics of rotating fluids: a survey," J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 26, 1966, pp. 411-431. 1. Introduction 2. Properties of vorticity in non-rotating frames 3. Application to elementary atmospheric dynamics 4. Fat bodies of rotating fluid 5. Wind-driven steady ocean currents 6. Wave motions for constant Coriolis parameter 7. Wave motions for variable Coriolis parameter Linden, P. F., "Dynamics of fronts and eddies," In _Nonlinear Topics in Ocean Physics_, A. R. Osborne, ed., North-Holland, 1991, pp. 313-352. 1. Introduction 1.1 Examples of ocean fronts 1.2 Examples of eddies 2. Isolated vortices 2.1 Vortex produced by a point source 2.2 Vortex instability 2.3 Vortex over a slope 3. Coastal currents 3.1 Geostrophic adjustment 3.2 Effects of topography 3.3 Instability of coastal currents 4. Fronts in shallow seas 4.1 Frontogenesis 4.2 Cross-frontal mixing rates 4.3 Combined effects of baroclinic instability and turbulent mixing 5. Concluding remarks @incollection{linden:1992, Author = "Linden, P. F.", Title = "Barotropic and baroclinic instabilities", Booktitle = "Rotating Fluids in Geophysical and Industrial Applications", Editor = "E. J. Hopfinger", Publisher = "Springer-Verlag", Year = "1992", Pages = "85--98", Note = " 1. Introduction, 2. Linear instability of QG flows, 3. Instability of zonal flows, 4. Barotropic instability, 5. Baroclinic instability, 6. A generalised approach, 7. Baroclinic instability and Rossby waves" } @article{lindzen:1994, Author = "Lindzen, R. S.", Title = "Climate dynamics and global change", Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.", Volume = "26", Year = "1994", Pages = "353--378", Note = " 1. Introduction, 2. Observations of climate, 3. Basic physics of global climate, 4. Climate sensitivity and feedbacks, 5. Equilibria vs. time--dependent response to climate perturbations, 6. Remarks on increasing CO2, 7. Summary and remarks" } Liu, Philip L.-F., "Wave transformation," In _The Sea, Vol. 9, Part A: Ocean Engineering Science_, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1990, pp. 27-63. 1. Introduction 2. Mild-slope equations a. Derivation of a mild-slope equation for small-amplitude waves in regions with slowly varying depth and currents b. Relation between solutions of the mild-slope equation and ray theory c. Energy dissipation d. Weak nonlinearity e. Numerical methods 3. Parabolic wave equations a. Basic concept of the parabolic approximation b. Parabolic wave equations in inhomogeneous media with weak reflection and weak nonlinearity c. Numerical examples 4. Refraction and diffraction of shallow-water waves a. Boussinesq equations b. Parabolic approximation c. Shoaling and breaking of cnoidal waves d. Wave focusing by a topographical lens 5. Concluding remarks Long, Robert R., "Finite amplitude disturbances in the flow of inviscid rotating and stratified fluids over obstacles," Ann. Rev. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 4, 1972, pp. 69-92. Long, Robert R., "Some aspects of turbulence in geophysical systems," Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. 17, 1977, pp. 2-91. 1. Introduction 2. Introductory concepts in turbulence - homogeneous fluids 3. Some basic effects of density variations and rotation 4. Thermal convection 5. Turbulence in stably stratified fluids 6. Third-order closure schemes in turbulence research Lumley, J. L., "Computational modeling of turbulent flows," Adv. Appl. Mech., Vol. 18, 1978, pp. 123-176. 1. Introduction a. History and generalities b. General assumptions 2. Mathematical preliminaries a. Representations b. Realizability 3. The return to isotropy a. Introduction b. The Reynolds stress c. The heat flux 4. The rapid terms a. Introduction b. The heat flux integral c. The temperature variance integral d. The Reynolds stress integral 5. The dissipation equations a. The mechanical dissipation b. The thermal dissipation c. The transport terms 6. The transport terms a. Introduction b. A Gaussian model c. Order of magnitude analysis d. The pressure transport e. Zeroth-order transport terms f. Modifications Luther, M., "Indian Ocean modeling," In _Further Progress in Equatorial Oceanography_, E Katz and J. Witte, eds., Nova Univ. Press, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 1987.