%@String{ARFM = {Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.}}
%@String{DAO = {Dyn. Atmos. Oceans}}
%@String{GAFD = {Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn.}}
%@String{IJNMF = {Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids}}
%@String{JAS = {J. Atmos. Sci.}}
%@String{JCP = {J. Comp. Phys.}}
%@String{JFM = {J. Fluid Mech.}}
%@String{JGR = {J. Geophys. Res.}}
%@String{JPO = {J. Phys. Oceanog.}}
%@String{MWR = {Mon. Weath. Rev.}}
%@String{PhilTransA = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A}}
%@String{PPP = {Paleo. Paleo. Paleo.}}
%@String{QJRMS = {Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc.}}

%SSSS

@article{sachs-webb-etal:1977,
 Title = "Paleoecological transfer functions",
 Author = "Sachs, H. M. and T. Webb III and D. R. Clark",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "159--178" }

@incollection{sadourny:1986,
 Author = "Sadourny, Robert",
 Title = "Turbulent diffusion in large-scale flows",
 Book = "Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere",
 Editor = "J. Willebrand, D.L.T. Anderson",
 Publisher = "D. Reidel, Boston",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "359--373",
 Keyword = "transport processes, geophysical fluid dynamics" }

@incollection{sadourny:1985a,
 Author = "Sadourny, Robert",
 Title = "Techniques for numerical simulation of large-scale eddies in
     geophysical fluid dynamics",
 Journal = "Lectures in Applied Mathematics",
 Volume = "22", 
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "195--207",
 Keyword = "large-scale eddy simulation",

@inproceedings{sadourny:1985b,
 Author = "Sadourny, Robert",
 Title = "Quasi-geostrophic turbulence:  an introduction",
 Book = "Turbulence and Predictability in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
     and Climate Dynamics",
 Editor = "M. Ghil, R. Benzi, G. Parisi",
 Publisher = "North-Holland, N.Y.",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "133--158" }

@inproceedings{saffman:1985,
 Author = "Saffman, P. G.",
 Title = "Vortex dynamics",
 Booktitle = "Theoretical Approaches to Turbulence",
 Editor = "D. L. Dwoyer and M. Y. Hussaini and R. G. Voight",
 Publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "263--277",
 Keyword = "turbulence, vortex dynamics" }

@article{sagar:1982,
 Author = "Sagar, Budhi",
 Title = "Dispersion in three dimensions:  Approximate analytical solutions",
 Journal = "ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Div.",
 Volume = "108",
 Year = "1982",
 Pages = "47--62",
 Keyword = "dispersion" }

@article{salby:1982,
 Title = "Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations.  {Part
   I:  Space--time} spectra, resolution, and aliasing",
 Author = "Salby, Murry L.",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
 Volume = "39",
 Year = "1982",
 Pages = "2577--2600" }

@article{salby:1982,
 Title = "Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations.  {Part
   II:  Fast Fourier} synoptic mapping",
 Author = "Salby, Murry L.",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
 Volume = "39",
 Year = "1982",
 Pages = "2601--2614" }

@incollection{salby:1992,
 Title = "The atmosphere",
 Author = "Salby, M.",
 Booktitle = "Climate System Modeling",
 Editor = "Trenberth, K. E.",
 Publisher = "Cambridge Univ. Press",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "53--115" }

@article{salmon:1990,
 Author = "Salmon, Rick",
 Title = "The thermocline as an 'internal boundary layer'",
 Journal = JMR,
 Volume = "48", 
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "437--469",
 Keyword = "thermocline, boundary layers" }

@article{salmon:1988a,
 Author = "Salmon, Rick",
 Title = "Hamiltonian fluid mechanics",
 Journal = ARFM,
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "225--256",
 Keyword = "Hamiltonian dynamics, fluid mechanics",
 Abstract = "A review of the relatively recent application of the methods
   of Hamiltonian mechanics to problems in fluid dynamics.  Hamiltonian
   mechanics is found to be a powerful tool for developing and exploring
   asymptotic approximations, conservation laws, stability theorems and
   useful variable transformations which acquire a transparency and
   motivation that is often lacking when the corresponding manipulations
   are applied directly to the Eulerian equations of motion.  Many examples
   are shown." }

@article{salmon:1988b,
 Author = "Salmon, Rick",
 Title = "Semigeostrophic theory as a Dirac-bracket projection",
 Journal = JFM,
 Volume = "196",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "345--358",
 Keyword = "geostrophic dynamics, semi-geostrophy, Hamiltonian dynamics",

@article{salmon-hollerbach:1991,
 Author = "Salmon, Rick and Rainer Hollerbach",
 Title = "Similarity solutions of the thermocline equations",
 Journal = JMR,
 Volume = "49",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "249--280",
 Abstract = "The theory of Lie groups is used to find all possible symmetry
   solutions to the fourth-order PDE known as the thermocline equations.
   The linear solutions thereof are examined.  Quite a remarkable use of
   mathematical methods that really aren't all that abstruse.",
 Keyword = "thermocline, Lie groups, symmetry" }

@article{saltzman:1978,
 Title = "A survey of statistical-dynamical models of the terrestrial
   climate",
 Author = "Barry Saltzman",
 Journal = "Advances in Geophysics",
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "183-304" }

@article{saltzman:1983,
 Author = "Saltzman, Barry",
 Title = "Climatic systems analysis",
 Journal = "Advances in Geophysics",
 Volume = "25",
 Year = "1983",
 Pages = "173--233",
 Abstract = "Review of general theory and equations of climate dynamics and
   time scales for various processes and a look at the climate as first
   a deterministic system and then a stochastic-dynamical system.  Everything
   and the kitchen sink here.",
 Keyword = "climate dynamics, stochastic-dynamical systems" }

@article{saltzman:1990,
 Author = "Saltzman, Barry",
 Title = "Three basic problems of paleoclimatic modeling:  A personal
     perspective and review",
 Journal = "Climate Dynamics",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "67--78",
 Keyword = "climate dynamics, paleoclimate modeling" }

@article{sameoto-jaroszynski-etal:1980,
 Title = "{The BIONESS -- new design in multiple net
   zooplankton samplers}",
 Author = "Sameoto, D. D. and L. O. Jaroszynski and
   W. B. Fraser",
 Journal = "J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.",
 Volume = "37",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "722--724" }

@article{sani-gresho:1994,
 Author = "Sani, R. L. and P. M. Gresho",
 Title = "R{\'e}sum{\'e} and remarks on the open boundary condition
    minisymposium",
 Journal = IJNMF,
 Volume = "18",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "983--1008",
 Keyword = "open boundary conditions" }

@article{santer-etal:1995,
 Title = "Towards the detection and attribution of an anthropogenic
   effect on climate",
 Author = "Santer, B. D. and K. E. Taylor and J. E. Penner and
   T. M. L. Wigley and U. Cubasch and P. D. Jones",
 Journal = "Clim. Dyn.",
 Volume = "12",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "77--100" }

@article{santer-tayler-etal:1996,
 Title = "A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the
   atmosphere",
 Author = "Santer, B. D. and K. E. Taylor and T. M. L. Wigley and T. C.
   Johns and P. D. Jones and D. J. Karoly and J. F. B. Mitchell and
   A. H. Oort and J. E. Penner and V. Ramaswamy and M. D. Schwarzkopf
   and R. J. Stouffer and S. Tett",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "382",
 Year = "1996",
 Pages = "39--46" }

@article{sanyal-hemming-etal:1995,
 Title = "Evidence for a higher {pH} in the glacial ocean from boron
   isotopes in foraminifera",
 Author = "Sanyal, A. N. and G. Hemming and G. H. Hanson and
   W. S. Broecker",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "373",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "234--236" }

@inproceedings{sanz-serna:1991,
 Author = "Sanz-Serna, J. M.",
 Title = "Two topics in nonlinear stability",
 Booktitle = "Advances in Numerical Analysis - Vol. 1:  Nonlinear Partial
    Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems",
 Editor = "Will Light",
 Publisher = "Clarendon Press, Oxford",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "147--174",
 Keyword = "dynamical systems, numerical methods, nonlinear stability",
 Abstract = "This deals with the stability of discretizations of nonlinear
    partial differential equations, ordinary or partial, and investigates
    the question of how best to define `stability' of a nonlinear
    discretization so that the familiar `stability and consistency
    imply convergence' paradigm holds.  A definition of stability is
    given which is very helpful in proving the convergence of nonlinear
    finite-difference, spectral and Galerkin methods.  It is shown how to
    employ dynamical system results to investigate the stability of numerical
    methods that in a linear analysis are neutrally stable.  Symplectic
    or canonical integrators are briefly surveyed." }

@inproceedings{sanz-serna:1992,
 Author = "Sanz-Serna, J. M.",
 Title = "Numerical ordinary differential equations vs. dynamical systems",
 Booktitle = "The Dynamics of Numerics and the Numerics of Dynamics",
 Editor = "D. S. Broomhead and A. Iserles",
 Series = "The Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications Conference
    Series",
 Number = "34",
 Publisher = "Clarendon Press, Oxford",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "81--106",
 Keyword = "dynamical systems, differential equations",
 Abstract = "This paper studies the relations between two mathematical
    fields:  time-continuous dynamical systems and numerical methods for
    ordinary differential equations.  It is concerned with the question
    of whether a given system of ODEs S integrated by means of a
    given numerical method M will obtain approximate solutions whose
    dynamics are a faithful description of the dynamics of S." }

@incollection{sarkisyan:1977,
 Title = "The diagnostic calculations of a large-scale oceanic
   circulation",
 Author = "Sarkisyan, A. S.",
 Booktitle = "The Sea.  Vol. 6:  Marine Modeling",
 Editor = "Goldberg, Edward D.",
 Publisher = "Wiley",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "363--458" }

@techreport{sarmiento:1988,
 Title = "{A Chemical Tracer Strategy for WOCE: Report of a Workshop
   held in Seattle, Washington, January 22 and 23, 1987}",
 Author = "Sarmiento, Jorge",
 Series = "U.S. WOCE Planning Report",
 Number = "10",
 Institution = "U.S. Planning Office for WOCE",
 Organization = "U.S. Planning Office for WOCE",
 Location = "College Station, TX",
 Year = "1988" }

@article{sausen-barthels-etal:1988,
 Title = "Coupled ocean-atmosphere models with flux correction",
 Author = "Sausen, R. and K. Barthels and K. Hasselmann",
 Journal = "Clim. Dyn.",
 Volume = "2",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "154--163" }

@article{savin:1977,
 Title = "The history of the earth's surface temperature during
   the past 100 million years",
 Author = "Savin, S. M.",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Plan. Sci.",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "319--355" }

@article{scales-smith-etal:1992,
 Author = "Scales, John A. and Martin L. Smith and Terri L. Fischer",
 Title = "Global optimization methods for multimodal inverse problems",
 Journal = JCP,
 Volume = "103",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "258--268",
 Keyword = "optimization methods, inverse problems" }

@incollection{schaefer:1951,
 Title = "Snow and its relationship to experimental meteorology",
 Author = "Schaefer, Vincent J.",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "221--234" }

@incollection{schlanger:1986,
 Title = "High frequency sea--level fluctuations in {Cretaceous time:
    An} emerging geophysical problem",
 Author = "Schlanger, Seymour O.",
 Booktitle = "Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans",
 Editor = "Hus, Kenneth J.",
 Publisher = "American Geophysical Union/Geological Society of America",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "61--74" }

@article{schlatter:1975,
 Author = "Schlatter, Thomas W.",
 Title = "Some experiments with a multivariate statistical objective
   analysis scheme",
 Journal = MWR,
 Volume = "103",
 Year = "1975",
 Pages = "246--257",
 Keyword = "objective analysis" }

@article{schlesinger.m-mitchell:1987,
 Title = "Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response
   to increased carbon dioxide",
 Author = "Schlesinger, Michael E. and John F. B. Mitchell",
 Journal = "Rev. Geophys.",
 Volume = "25",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "760--798",
 Abstract = "Review of early 3-D GCM results from groups at NCAR,
   GFDL and GISS.  Presents doubled CO2 minus single CO2 model
   differences from each group for temperature, precipitation,
   soil moisture and cloud cover.  Discusses the development of
   the experiments as well as the results [from Handel and
   Risbey (1992)]." }

@article{schlesinger.m-ramankutty:1994,
 Title = "An oscillation in the global climate system of period
    65-70 years",
 Author = "Schlesinger, Michael E. and Navin Ramankutty",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "367",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "723--726",
 Abstract = "In addition to the well-known warming of ~0.5 deg. C
   since the middle of the 19th century, global-mean surface temperature
   records display substantial variability on timescales of a century
   or less.  Accurate prediction of future temperature change requires
   an understanding of the causes of this variability; possibilities
   included external factors, such as increasing greenhouse-gas
   concentrations and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, and internal
   factors, both predictable (such as El Nino) and unpredictable
   (noise).  Here we apply singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to four
   global-mean temperature records and identify a temperature
   oscillation with a period of 65-70 years.  SSA of the surface
   temperature records for 11 geographical regions shows that the
   65-70 year oscillation is the statistical result of 50-88 year
   oscillations for the North Atlantic Ocean and its bounding Northern
   Hemisphere continents.  These oscillations have obscured the
   greenhouse warming signal in the North Atlantic and North America.
   Comparison with previous observations and model simulations
   suggests that the oscillation arises from predictable internal
   variability of the ocean-atmosphere system." }

@incollection{schlesinger.w:1995,
 Title = "Soil respiration and changes in soil carbon stocks",
 Author = "Schlesinger, William H.",
 Booktitle = "Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System",
 Editor = "Woodwell, George M. and Fred T. Mackenzie",
 Publisher = "Oxford Univ. Press",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "159--168" }

@article{schlosser-bonisch-etal:1991,
 Author = "Schlosser, Peter and Gerhard Bonisch and Monika Rhein and Reinhold 
    Bayer",
 Title = "Reduction of deepwater formation in the Greenland Sea during
     the 1980s:  Evidence from tracer data",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "251",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "1054--1056",
 Keyword = "deep water formation, Greenland Sea" }

@article{schmidt-johnson:1993,
 Author = "Schmidt, G. A. and E. R. Johnson",
 Title = "Direct calculation of low-frequency coastally trapped waves and
     their scattering",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech.",
 Volume = "10",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "368--380",
 Keyword = "coastal trapped waves, wave scattering" }

@article{schmitt:1995,
 Title = "The ocean component of the global water cycle",
 Author = "Schmitt, Raymond W.",
 Journal = "Rev. Geophys",
 Volume = "Supplement",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "1395--1409" }

@article{schmitz:1995,
 Title = "On the interbasin--scale thermohaline circulation",
 Author = "Schmitz, William J.",
 Journal = "Rev. Geophys.",
 Volume = "33",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "151--173" }

@article{schmitz-mccartney:1993,
 Author = "Schmitz, William J., Jr. and Michael S. McCartney",
 Title = "On the {North Atlantic} circulation",
 Journal = "Rev. of Geophys.",
 Volume = "31",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "29--49",
 Keyword = "observational oceanography, North Atlantic" }

@article{schmitz-richardson:1991,
 Title = "On the sources of the {Florida Current}",
 Author = "Schmitz, W. J. and P. L. Richardson",
 Journal = "Deep--Sea Res.",
 Volume = "38 (Supplement)",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "379--409" }

@article{schneider:1990,
 Author = "Schneider, Stephen H.",
 Title = "The global warming debate heats up:  An analysis and perspective",
 Journal = BAMS,
 Volume = "71",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "1292--1304",
 Keyword = "global warming, climate dynamics, climate modeling" }

@article{schneider-dickinson:1974,
 Author = "Schneider, Stephen H. and Robert E. Dickinson",
 Title = "Climate modeling",
 Journal = "Rev. of Geophys.",
 Volume = "12",
 Year = "1974",
 Pages = "447--493",
 Keyword = "climate dynamics, climate modeling" }

@article{schnitker:1980,
 Title = "Quaternary deep-sea benthic foraminifers and bottom water
   masses",
 Author = "Schnitker, Detmar",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Plant. Sci.",
 Volume = "8",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "343--370" }

@article{schonwiese-ullrich-etal:1994,
 Author = "Sch{\"o}nwiese, Christian D. and Rolf Ullrich and
   Frank Beck and J{\"o}rg Rapp",
 Title = "Solar signals in global climatic change",
 Journal = "Climatic Change",
 Volume = "27",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "259--281",
 Keyword = "climate, solar variability",
 Annote = "A correlation analysis is performed where hemispheric and
   global averages of the annual mean surface air temperature are
   compared with the variations of a variety of solar forcing
   parameters:  sunspots, related hypotheses including variations
   of the quasi-eleven-year solar cycle length, solar diameter
   variations and gravitational effects.  This analysis is for the
   period 1881-1988." }

@article{schott-stommel:1978,
 Author = "Schott, Friedrich and Henry Stommell",
 Title = "Beta spirals and absolute velocities in different oceans",
 Journal = DSR,
 Volume = "25",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "961--1010",
 Keyword = "beta spiral, inverse methods, ocean circulation" }

@incollection{schove:1987,
 Title = "Sunspot cycles and weather history",
 Author = "Schove, D. J.",
 Booktitle = "Climate:  History, Periodicity, and Predictability",
 Editor = "Rampino, M. R. and J. E. Sanders and W. S. Newman",
 Publisher = "Van Nostrand Reinhold",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "355--377" }

@article{schrag-etal:1995,
 Title = "Reconstructing past sea surface temperatures:  {Correcting}
   for diagenesis of bulk marine carbonates",
 Author = "Schrag, D. P. and D. J. DePaolo and F. M. Tichter",
 Journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
 Volume = "59",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "2265--2278" }

@article{schroder:1988,
 Author = "Schroder, W.",
 Title = "An additional bibliographical sketch on the development of Ertel's
     potential vorticity theorem",
 Journal = QJRMS,
 Volume = "114",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "1563--1567" }

@article{schroter-wunsch:1986,
 Author = "Schroter, Jens and Carl Wunsch",
 Title = "Solution of nonlinear finite-difference ocean models by optimization
     methods with sensitivity and observational strategy analysis",
 Journal = JPO,
 Volume = "16",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "1855--1874" }

@article{schubert:1985,
 Author = "Schubert, W. H.",
 Title = "Semigeostrophic theory",
 Journal = JAS,
 Volume = "42",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "1770--1772" }

@article{schubert-taylor-etal:1984,
 Author = "Schubert, W. H. and G. D. Taylor and S. R. Fulton and M. DeMaria",
 Title = "A Chebyshev spectral method for boundary-layer models",
 Journal = "Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology",
 Volume = "A33",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "117--126" }

@article{schwarz:1988,
 Author = "Schwarz, Fritz",
 Title = "Symmetries of differential equations:  From Sophus Lie to computer
     algebra",
 Journal = "SIAM Review",
 Volume = "30",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "450--481" }

@article{scobolev-vorozhtsov:1992,
 Author = "Scobolev, B. Yu. and E.V. Vorozhtsov",
 Title = "Stability analysis of difference schemes by catastrophe theory 
    methods",
 Journal = "J. of Computational and Appl. Math.",
 Volume = "44",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "1--20" }

@incollection{seaton:1951,
 Title = "The ionosphere",
 Author = "Seaton, S. L.",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "334--340" }

@incollection{segerstrale:1957,
 Title = "Baltic Sea",
 Author = "Segerstrale, Sven G.",
 Booktitle = "Treatise of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology.  Vol. 1:
   Ecology",
 Editor = "Hedgpeth, J. W.",
 Publisher = "Geological Society of America",
 Year = "1957",
 Pages = "751--800" }

@article{seibel-leal-etal:1991,
 Author = "Seibel, M. G. and A. F. Leal and M. R. Barton,
 Title = "A computer program for approximating a linear operator equation
     using a generalized Fourier series",
 Journal = "Adv. Eng. Software",
 Volume = "13",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "169--179",
 Keyword = "numerical methods, Fourier analysis" }

@incollection{seidov:1986,
 Title = "Numerical modelling of the ocean circulation
   and paleocirculation",
 Author = "Seidov, D. G.",
 Booktitle = "Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans",
 Editor = "Hus, Kenneth J.",
 Publisher = "American Geophysical Union/Geological Society of America",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "11--26" }

@incollection{seiler-conrad:1987,
 Title = "Contributions of tropical ecosystems to the global budgets of
   trace gases, especially {CH$_4$, H$_2$, CO, and N$_2$0}",
 Author = "Seiler, Wolfgang and Ralf Conrad",
 Booktitle = "The Geophysiology of Amazonia",
 Editor = "Dickinson, Robert E.",
 Publisher = "Wiley",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "133--162",
 Abstract = "Reviews work studying the soil based and biological processes
   unique to the tropics that effect several greenhouse trace gases.
   Includes quantitative estimates of the relative importance of the
   tropics with respect to the rest of the world for many trace gas
   fluxes.  Contains an extensive reference list. [From Handel and
   Risbey (1992)]." }

@article{seitz:1967,
 Title = "Thermostad, the antonym of thermocline",
 Author = "Seitz, R. C.",
 Journal = "J. Mar. Res.",
 Volume = "25",
 Year = "1967",
 Pages = "203" }

@incollection{sekera:1951,
 Title = "Polarization of skylight",
 Author = "Sekera, Zdenek",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "79--90" }

@article{sellers-hall-etal:1992,
 Title = "An overview of the {First International Satellite Land Surface
   Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE)}",
 Author = "Sellers, P. J. and F. G. Hall and G. Asrar and D. E. Strebel and
   R. E. Murphy",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "97",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "18345--18371" }

@article{sellers-mintz-etal:1986,
 Title = "A simple biosphere model {(SiB)} with point micrometeorological
   and biophysical data",
 Author = "Sellers, P. J. and Y. Mintz and Y. C. Sud and A. Dalcher",
 Journal = "JAS",
 Volume = "43",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "505--531" }

@incollection{sellwood-price:1994,
 Title = "Sedimentary facies as indicators of {Mesozoic} palaeoclimate",
 Author = "Sellwood, B. W. and G. D. Price",
 Booktitle = "Paleoclimates and Their Modelling",
 Editor = "Allen, J. R. L. and B. J. Hoskins and B. W. Sellwood and
   R. A. Spicer and P. J. Valdes",
 Publisher = "Chapman \& Hall",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "17--24" }

@article{sellwood-price-etal:1994,
 Title = "Cooler estimates of {Cretaceous} temperatures",
 Author = "Sellwood, B. W. and G. D. Price and P. J. Valdes",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "370",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "453--455" }

@article{semtner-chervin:1988,
 Author = "Semtner, Albert J., Jr. and Robert M. Chervin",
 Title = "A simulation of the global ocean circulation with resolved eddies",
 Journal = "JGR",
 Volume = "93",
 Year = "1988", 
 Pages = "15,502--15,522" }

@article{semtner-chervin:1992,
 Author = "Semtner, Albert J., Jr. and Robert M. Chervin",
 Title = "Ocean general circulation from a global eddy-resolving model",
 Journal = "JGR",
 Volume = "97",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "5493--5550" }

@book{serra:1986,
 Author = "Serra, Roberto",
 Book = "Introduction to the Physics of Complex Systems:  The Mesoscopic
   Approach to Fluctuations, Nonlinearity and Self-Organization",
 Publisher = "Pergamon Press",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "222",
 Keyword = "complex systems, fluctuations, nonlinear systems, self
   organization" }

@article{sewell-roulstone:1993,
 Author = "Sewell, M. J. and I. Roulstone",
 Title = "Anatomy of the canonical transformation",
 Journal = "Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "345",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "577--598",
 Keyword = "canonical transformations, Hamiltonian dynamics" }

@incollection{shackleton:1986,
 Title = "{The Plio-Pleistocene ocean:  Stable} isotope history",
 Author = "Shackleton, N. J.",
 Booktitle = "Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans",
 Editor = "Hus, Kenneth J.",
 Publisher = "American Geophysical Union/Geological Society of America",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "141--150" }

@incollection{shackleton:1994,
 Title = "The climate system in the recent geological past",
 Author = "Shackleton, N. J.",
 Booktitle = "Paleoclimates and Their Modelling",
 Editor = "Allen, J. R. L. and B. J. Hoskins and B. W. Sellwood and
   R. A. Spicer and P. J. Valdes",
 Publisher = "Chapman \& Hall",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "1--6" }

@article{shackleton-boersma:1981,
 Title = "The climate of the {Eocene} ocean",
 Author = "Shackleton, J. J. and A. Boersma",
 Journal = "J. Geol. Soc. (London)",
 Volume = "138",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "153--157" }

@incollection{shackleton-kennett:1975,
 Title = "Paleotemperature history of the {Cenozoic and the initiation
   of Antarctic glaciation:  Oxygen} and carbon isotope analysis in
   {DSDP} sites 277, 279, and 281",
 Author = "Shackleton, N. J. and J. P. Kennett",
 Booktitle = "Init. Rep. Deep--Sea Drill. Proj.",
 Volume = "29",
 Publisher = "U.S. Govt. Print. Office",
 Location = "Washington, D. C.",
 Year = "1975",
 Pages = "743--755" }

@incollection{shackleton-pisias:1985,
 Title = "Atmospheric carbon dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate",
 Author = "Shackleton, N. J. and N. G. Pisias",
 Booktitle = "The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO$_2$:  Natural
   variations Archean to Present",
 Editor = "E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker",
 Publisher = "Am. Geophys. Union",
 Series = "Geophysical Mono.",
 Number = "32",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "303--317" }

@article{shankar:1975,
 Title = "Influence of tidal inlets on salinity in estuaries",
 Author = "Shankar, N. Jothi",
 Journal = "ASCE J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Eng. Div.",
 Volume = "?",
 Year = "1975",
 Pages = "369--383" } 

@article{shemdin:1990,
 Title = "{Tower Ocean Wave and Radar Dependence Experiment:  A
   Synthesis}",
 Author = "Shemdin, O. H.",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "95",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "16241--16243" }

@article{shen-etal:1994,
 Title = "Spectral approach to optimal estimation of the global
   average temperature",
 Author = "Shen, S. S. P. and G. R. North and K.--Y. Kim",
 Journal = "J. Clim.",
 Volume = "7",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "1999--2007" }

@article{sheng-lick-etal:1978,
 Author = "Sheng, Y. Peter and W. Lick and R. T. Gedney and F. B. Molls",
 Title = "Numerical computation of three-dimensional circulation in
   Lake Erie:  A comparison of a free-surface model and a rigid-lid
   model",
 Journal = "JPO",
 Volume = "8",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "713--727" }

@article{shepherd:1987,
 Author = "Shepherd, Theodore G.",
 Title = "Non-ergodicity of inviscid two-dimensional flow on a beta-plane
     and on the surface of a rotating sphere",
 Journal = "JFM",
 Volume = "184",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "289--302" }

@article{shepherd:1990a,
 Author = "Shepherd, Theodore G.",
 Title = "A general method for finding extremal states of Hamiltonian dynamical
     systems, with applications to perfect fluids",
 Journal = "JFM",
 Volume = "213",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "573--587" }

@article{shepherd:1990b,
 Author = "Shepherd, Theodore G.",
 Title = "Symmetries, conservation laws, and Hamiltonian structure in
     geophysical fluid dynamics",
 Journal = "Advances in Geophysics", 
 Volume = "32", 
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "287--338",
 Keyword = "geophysical fluid dynamnics, Hamiltonian dynamics" }

@article{shepherd:1993,
 Author = "Shepherd, Theodore G.",
 Title = "A unified theory of available potential energy",
 Journal = "Atmosphere-Ocean",
 Volume = "31",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "1--26" }

@article{shi:1993,
 Title = "Multivariate data analysis in palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography--
   a review",
 Author = "Shi, Guang R.",
 Journal = "Palaeo. Palaeo. Palaeo.",
 Volume = "105",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "199--234" }

@article{shigesada-okubo:1981,
 Author = "Shigesada, Nanako and Akira Okubo",
 Title = "Analysis of the self-shading effect on algal vertical
   distribution in natural waters",
 Journal = "J. Math. Biology",
 Volume = "12",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "311--326",
 Keyword = "biological modeling" }

@incollection{shine-etal:1990,
 Author = "Shine, K. P. and R. G. Derwent and D. J. Wuebbles and
    J.-J. Morcrette",
 Title = "Radiative forcing of climate",
 Booktitle = "Climate Change:  The IPCC Scientific Assessment",
 Editor = "Houghton, J. T. and G. J. Jenkins and J. J. Ephraums",
 Publisher = "Cambridge Univ. Press",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "41--68" }

@article{short.d-mengel-etal:1991,
 Author = "Short, David A. and John G. Mengel and Thomas J. Crowley and
     William T. Hyde and Gerald R. North",
 Title = "Filtering of Milankovitch cycles by earth's geography",
 Journal = "Quaternary Research",
 Volume = "35",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "157--173" }

@article{short.k:1993,
 Author = "Short, Kevin M.",
 Title = "Direct calculation of metric entropy from time series",
 Journal = "JCP",
 Volume = "104",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "162--172" }

@article{shuttleworth:1988,
 Title = "Macrohydrology--{The} new challenge for process hydrology",
 Author = "Shuttleworth, W. J.",
 Journal = "J. Hydrol.",
 Volume = "100",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "31--56" }

@article{shutts:1989,
 Author = "Shutts, G. J.",
 Title = "Planetary semi-geostrophic equations derived from Hamilton's
     principle",
 Journal = "J. Fluid Mech.", 
 Volume = "208", 
 Year = "1989",
 Pages = "545--573" }

@article{siedler-kuhl-etal:1987,
 Title = "The {Madeira Mode Water}",
 Author = "Siedler, G. and A. Kuhl and W. Zenk",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanogr.",
 Volume = "17",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "1561--1570" }

@article{simkin:1993,
 Author = "Simkin, Tom",
 Title = "Terrestrial volcanism in space and time",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.",
 Volume = "21",
 Pages = "427--452",
 Year = "1993" }

@incollection{simmons:1966a,
 Title = "Field experience in estuaries",
 Author = "Simmons, H. B.",
 Booktitle = "Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics",
 Editor = "Ippen, Arthur T.",
 Publisher = "McGraw-Hill Book Co.",
 Year = "1966",
 Pages = "673--690" }

@incollection{simmons:1966b,
 Title = "Tidal and salinity model practice",
 Author = "Simmons, H. B.",
 Booktitle = "Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics",
 Editor = "Ippen, Arthur T.",
 Publisher = "McGraw-Hill Book Co.",
 Year = "1966",
 Pages = "711--731" }

@article{simons:1974,
 Author = "Simons, T. J.",
 Title = "Verification of numerical models of Lake Ontario:  Part I.
   Circulation in spring and early summer",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanog.",
 Volume = "4",
 Year = "1974",
 Pages = "507--523" }

@article{simons:1975.
 Author = "Simons, T. J.",
 Title = "Verification of numerical models of Lake Ontario:  Part I.
   Stratified circulatoins and temperature changes",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanog.",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1975",
 Pages = "98--110" }

@article{simpson.j-adler-etal:1988,
 Title = "A proposed {Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
   satellite}",
 Author = "Simpson, J. and R. F. Adler and G. R. North",
 Journal = "BAMS",
 Year = "1988",
 Volume = "69",
 Pages = "278--295" }

@unpublished{simpson.p:198?a,
 Author = "Simpson, Patrick K.",
 Title = "A review of artificial neural systems I:  Foundations",
 Journal = "CRC Critical Reviews in Artifical Intelligence (submitted),
 Volume = "?????",
 Year = "198?",
 Pages = "1--73" }

@unpublished{simpson.p:198?b,
 Author = "Simpson, Patrick K.",
 Title = "A review of artificial neural systems II:  Paradigms,
    applications, and implementations",
 Journal = "CRC Critical Reviews in Artifical Intelligence (submitted),
 Volume = "?????",
 Year = "198?",
 Pages = "1--126" }

@article{simpson.w:1982,
 Title = "Particulate matter in the oceans--sampling methods,
   concentration, size distribution and particle dynamics",
 Author = "Simpson, W. R.",
 Journal = "Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.",
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1982",
 Pages = "119--172" }

@article{singer:1994,
 Author = "Singer, Dennis",
 Title = "A possibilistic approach to dimensional analysis methods",
 Journal = "Fuzzy Sets and Systems",
 Volume = "61",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "285--296",
 Keyword = "fuzzy sets, dimensional analysis",
 Abstract = "Dimensional analysis methods reason about physical and technical
   processes without explicit knowledge of the underlying physical laws.
   Instead the methods require the values of the characteristic variables
   and their dimensional representation.  This paper shows the possibility
   of generalizing these methods by considering the physical quantities as
   fuzzy sets." }

@article{singh-thompson:1993,
 Author = "Singh, Prabhakar P. and William J. Thompson",
 Title = "Exploring the complex plane:  Green's functions, Hilbert
   transforms, and analytic continuation",
 Journal = "Computers in Physics",
 Volume = "7",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "388--392",
 Abstract = "A discussion of practical numerical methods for numerically
   evaluating Green's functions and Hilbert transforms along with a
   description of some schemes for mapping the complex plane." }

@article{slowey-curry:1992,
 Title = "Enhanced ventilation of the {North Atlantic} subtropical
   gyre thermocline during the last glaciation",
 Author = "Slowey, N. C. and W. B. Curry",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "358",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "665--668" }

@article{smith.d:1986,
 Author = "Smith, David C., IV",
 Title = "A numerical study of loop current eddy interaction with topography
   in the Western Gulf of Mexico",
 Journal = JPO,
 Volume = "16",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "1260--1272",
 Keyword = "loop current, Gulf of Mexico circulation" }

@incollection{smith.j:1977,
 Title = "Modeling of sediment transport on continental shelves",
 Author = "Smith, J. D.",
 Booktitle = "The Sea.  Vol. 6:  Marine Modeling",
 Editor = "Goldberg, Edward D.",
 Publisher = "Wiley",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "539--578" }

@article{smith.leo:1992,
 Author = "Smith, Leonard A.",
 Title = "Identification and prediction of low dimensional dynamics",
 Journal = "Physica D",
 Volume = "58",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "50--76" }

@misc{smith.les:1985,
 Author = "Smith, Leslie",
 Title = "A Hamiltonian form of the anelastic equations",
 Booktitle = "Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics:  Woods Hole
   Pub. No. WHOI-85-36",
 Publisher = "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution",
 Year = "1985, 
 Pages = "192--201" }

@misc{smith.ned:198?,
 Author = "Smith, Ned P.",
 Title = "Long-period, estuarine-shelf exchanges in response to
   meteorological forcing",
 Journal = "?????",
 Year = "198?",
 Pages = "147--159",
 Keyword = "estuary circulation" }

@misc{smith.nr:1993,
 Author = "Smith, Neville R.",
 Title = "Ocean modeling in a {Global Ocean Observing System}",
 Journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
 Volume = "31",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "281--317",
 Abstract = "This review attempts to define a role for modeling within
   a global ocean climate observing system to help monitor, describe, and
   understand the seasonal to decadal climate changes of the ocean and to
   provide the observations needs for climate prediction.  Three categories
   of model-to-data interface are identified:  (1) separate models and data
   collection are joined by intermittent validation steps, (2) models and
   data collection co-evolve either in a time-space data assimilation and
   prediction system or via the application of inverse methods, (3) model
   information feeds back to the observing system design, and vice versa,
   and the model assimilation system provides quality control on the data.
   A case for global ocean observing system centers with collocated modeling 
   and data collection is made, but with model diversity and individuality
   emphasized." }

@article{smith.r-dukowicz-etal:1992,
 Author = "Smith, R. D. and J. K. Dukowicz and R. C. Malone",
 Title = "Parallel ocean general circulation modeling",
 Journal = "Physica D",
 Volume = "60",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "38--61" }

@article{smith.s-muench-etal:1990,
 Title = "Polynyas and leads:   {An} overview of physical processes
   and environment",
 Author = "SMith, Stuart D. and Robin D. Muench and Carol H. Pease",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "95",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "9461--9479" }

@article{smith.t:1982,
 Title = "On the representation of {Reynolds} stress in estuaries and
   shallow coastal seas",
 Author = "Smith, T. J.",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanogr.",
 Volume = "12",
 Year = "1982",
 Pages = "914--921" }

@article{smith.w-garrison:1990,
 Title = "Marine ecosystem research at the {Weddell Sea ice edge:
   the AMERIEZ program}",
 Author = "Smith, W. O. and D. L. Garrison",
 Journal = "Oceanography",
 Volume = "3",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "19--22" }

@article{sofia-fox:1994,
 Author = "Sofia, Sabatino and Peter Fox",
 Title = "Solar variability and climate:  An editorial essay",
 Journal = "Climatic Change",
 Volume = "27",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "249--257",
 Keyword = "climate, solar variability" }

@article{sohn-smith:1993,
 Author = "Sohn, Byung-Ju and Eric A. Smith",
 Title = "Energy transports by ocean and atmosphere based on an entropy
   extremum principle.  Part I:  Zonal averaged transports",
 Journal = "Journal of Climate",
 Volume = "6",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "886--899" }

@article{sonett-suess:1984,
 Author = "Sonett, C. P. and H. E. Suess",
 Title = "Correlation of bristlecone pine ring widths with atmospheric 14C
     variations:  A climate-Sun relation",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "307",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "141--143",
 Keyword = "climate data, tree rings, sunspots" }

@article{sorensen-jones-etal:1985,
 Author = "Sorensen, Henrik V. and Douglas L. Jones and C. Sidney Burrus
   and Michael T. Heideman",
 Title = "On computing the discrete Hartley transform",
 Journal = "IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing",
 Vol: "ASSP-33",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "1231--1238",
 Keyword = "Hartley transform" }

@article{sowers-bender-etal:1991,
 Title = "The {$\delta^{18}$O of atmospheric CO$_2$ from air inclusions
   in the Vostok ice core:  timing of CO$_2$ and ice volume changes
   during the penultimate glaciation}",
 Author = "Sowers, Todd and Michael Bender and Dominique Raynaud and
   Y. S. Korotkevich and Joe Orchardo",
 Journal = "Paleoceanog.",
 Volume = "6",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "679--696" }

@article{spedding-browand-etal:1993,
 Author = "Spedding, G. R. and F. K. Browand and N. E. Huang and
    S. R. Long",
 Title = "A 2-D complex wavelet analysis of an unsteady wind-generated
    surface wave field",
 Journal = DAO,
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "55--77",
 Keyword = "wavelets, wind waves",
 Abstract = "2-D, complex wavelet functions are used to decompose a
    wave field to measure the energy of the wave field as a function
    of wavenumber as well as the spatial distribution of the wavenumbers." }

@article{spencer-bacon-etal:1980,
 Title = "?",
 Author = "Spencer, D. W. and M. P. Bacon and P. G. Brewer",
 Journal = "J. Mar. Res.",
 Volume = "39",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "119--138" }

@article{speziale:1985,
 Author = "Speziale, Charles G.",
 Title = "Subgrid scale stress models for the large-eddy simulation of
   rotating turbulent flows",
 Journal = GAFD,
 Volume = "33",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "199--222",
 Abstract = "It is proven that such models must be generally invariant
   under the extended Galilean group and must be frame-indifferent in
   the limit of 2-D turbulence which can be approached in a rapidly
   rotating framework.  It is also shown that a significant increase
   in the rotation rate must be accompanied bya substantial reduction
   in the energy dissipation rate of the turbulence.  Current models
   are shown to violate at least one of these restrictions, and 
   alternative models with correct properties are discussed and compared." }

@incollection{spicer-rees-etal:1994,
 Title = "Cretaceous phytogeography and climate signals",
 Author = "Spicer, Robert A. and Peter McA. Rees and Jenny L. Chapman",
 Booktitle = "Paleoclimates and Their Modelling",
 Editor = "Allen, J. R. L. and B. J. Hoskins and B. W. Sellwood and
   R. A. Spicer and P. J. Valdes",
 Publisher = "Chapman \& Hall",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "69--76" }

@article{spiegel-veronis:1960,
 Title = "On the {Boussinesq} approximation for a compressible fluid",
 Author = "Spiegel, E. A. and G. Veronis",
 Journal = "Astrophys. J.",
 Volume = "131",
 Year = "1960",
 Pages = "442--447" }

@article{spiesberger:1985,
 Author = "Spiesberger, John L.",
 Title = "Gyre-scale acoustic tomography:  Biases, iterated inversions,
   and numerical methods",
 Journal = JGR,
 Volume = "90",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "11,869--11,876",
 Keyword = "acoustic tomography" }

@article{spindel:1985,
 Author = "Spindel, Robert C.",
 Title = "Sound transmission in the ocean",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.",
 Volume = "17",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "217--237",
 Keyword = "acoustical oceanography" }

@article{sreenivasan-meneveau:1986,
 Author = "Sreenivasan, K. R. and C. Meneveau",
 Title = "The fractal facets of turbulence",
 Journal = JFM,
 Volume = "173",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "357--386",
 Keyword = "fractals, turbulence" }

@article{stabeno-reed-etal:1995,
 Title = "The {Alaska Coastal Current:  Continuity of transport
   and forcing}",
 Author = "Stabeno, P. J. and R. K. Reed and J. D. Schumacher",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "100",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "2477--2485",
 Keywords = "observational oceanography" }

@article{stanev:1990,
 Title = "{On the mechanisms of the Black Sea circulation}",
 Author = "Stanev, Emil V.",
 Journal = "Earth--Science Reviews",
 Volume = "28",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "285--319" }

@article{stanley:1969,
 Title = "Marine palynology",
 Author = "Stanley, Edward A.",
 Journal = "Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.",
 Volume = "7",
 Year = "1969",
 Pages = "277--292" }

@article{stanton:1981,
 Title = "An oceanographic survey of the {Tasman Front}",
 Author = "Stanton, B. R.",
 Journal = "New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research",
 Volume = "15",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "289--297" }

@article{starck-bijaoui:1994,
 Author = "Starck, Jean-Luc and Albert Bijaoui",
 Title = "Filtering and deconvolution by the wavelet transform",
 Journal = "Signal Processing",
 Volume = "35",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "195--211",
 Keyword = "wavelets, filtering, deconvolution",
 Abstract = "A new approach to filtering based on the wavelet transform is
    presented and several algorithms are proposed.  A criterion of quality,
    which takes into account the resolution, is used to compare these
    algorithms.  It is shown that deconvolution can be done using filtered
    wavelet coefficients.  By computing the wavelet from the point spread
    function, a new transform algorithm and a reconstruction method related
    to it are found." }

@incollection{starr:1951a,
 Title = "The physical basis for the general circulation",
 Author = "Starr, Victor P.",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "541--550" }

@incollection{starr:1951b,
 Title = "Applications of energy principles to the general circulation",
 Author = "Starr, Victor P.",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "568--576" }

@incollection{steele:1981,
 Author = "Steele, John H.",
 Title = "Some varieties of biological oceanography",
 Booktitle = "The Evolution of Physical Oceanography",
 Editor = "Bruce A. Warren and Carl Wunsch",
 Publisher = "MIT Press",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "376--383",
 Keyword = "biological oceanography, modeling" }

@incollection{steele-mullin:1977,
 Author = "Steele, John H. and Michael M. Mullin",
 Title = "Zooplankton dynamics",
 Booktitle = "The Sea.  Vol. 6:  Marine Modeling",
 Editor = "E. D. Goldberg, I. N. McCave, J. J. O'Brien, and J. H. Steele",
 Publisher = "John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "857--890",
 Keyword = "biological oceanography" }

@article{steinsaltz:1987,
 Author = "Steinsaltz, David",
 Title = "Instability of baroclinic waves with bottom slope",
 Journal = JPO,
 Volume = "17",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "2343--2350",
 Keyword = "baroclinic instability" }

@article{stelling-vankester:1994,
 Author = "Stelling, Guus S. and Jan A. Th. M. Van Kester",
 Title = "On the approximation of horizontal gradients in sigma co-ordinates
    for bathymetry with steep bottom slopes",
 Journal = IJNMF,
 Volume = "18",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "915--935",
 Keyword = "boundary conditions, sigma coordinates" }

@article{steppeler:1988,
 Author = "Steppeler, J.",
 Title = "A cubic spline Galerkin scheme for the vertical discretization
    of atmospheric models",
 Journal = QJRMS,
 Volume = "114",
 Pages = "1545--1561",
 Keyword = "dynamic meteorology, numerical modeling, Galerkin methods" }

@article{stern:1975,
 Author = "Stern, Melvin E.",
 Title = "Minimal properties of planetary eddies",
 Journal = JMR,
 Volume = "33",
 Year = "1975",
 Pages = "1--13" }

@inproceedings{stewart:1992,
 Author = "Stewart, I.",
 Title = "Bifurcation theory old and new",
 Booktitle = "The Dynamics of Numerics and the Numerics of Dynamics",
 Editor = "D. S. Broomhead and A. Iserles",
 Series = "The Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications Conference
    Series",
 Number = "34",
 Publisher = "Clarendon Press, Oxford",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "31--67",
 Keyword = "dynamical systems, bifurcation theory, differential equations",
 Abstract = "Bifurcation is a method for finding interesting solutions to
    nonlinear equations by tracking dull ones and waiting for them to
    lose stability.  This describes some of the basic ideas of local
    bifurcation theory, and their generalizations to systems that possess
    symmetry.  In particular it discusses steady-state bifurcation, and
    Hopf bifurcation to periodic solutions." }

@article{stewart-shaw-etal:1987,
 Title = "{Canadian Atlantic Storms Program:  The} meteorological
   field project",
 Author = "Stewart, R. E. and R. W. Shaw and G. A. Isaac",
 Journal = "Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.",
 Volume = "68",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "338--345" }

@article{still:1994,
 Author = "Still, Charles H.",
 Title = "Portable parallel computing via the MPI1 message-passing standard",
 Journal = "Computers in Physics",
 Volume = "8",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "533--539" }

@article{stocker-mysak:1992,
 Author = "Stocker, Thomas F. and Lawrence A. Mysak",
 Title = "Climatic fluctuations on the century time scale:  A review of
     high resolution proxy data and possible mechanisms",
 Journal = "Climatic Change",
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "227--250",
 Abstract = "High resolution proxy data records covering the past 10,000 years
   are examined for century time scale climatic variability.  Variations with
   time scales ranging from 50 to 400 years occur in oxygen isotope ratios
   derived from ice cores, tree-ring index series, pollen records, and sea-ice
   extents.  An internal source for these fluctuations is proposed as an
   alternative to external forcing, e.g. solar variations, as a causal
   mechanism, i.e. the natural variability of the ocean's thermohaline
   circulation on the century time scale found in numerical models which
   produces oscillations in the ocean-to-atmosphere heat flux.",
 Keyword = "climate data, thermohaline circulation" }

@article{stocker-johnson:1991,
 Author = "Stocker, Thomas F. and E. R. Johnson",
 Title = "The trapping and scattering of topographic waves by estuaries
     and headlands",
 Journal = JFM,
 Volume = "222",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "501--524",
 Keyword = "coastal trapped waves, scattering" }

@incollection{stockton-boggess-etal:1985,
 Title = "Climate and tree rings",
 Author = "Stockton, Charles W. and William R. Boggess and
   David M. Meko",
 Booktitle = "Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling",
 Editor = "Alan D. Hecht",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "71--151" }

@article{stoddart:1969,
 Title = "Climatic geomorphology:  review and re-assessment",
 Author = "Stoddart, D. R.",
 Journal = "Prog. Phys. Geogr.",
 Volume = "1",
 Year = "1969",
 Pages = "160--222" }

@article{stokes-schwartz:1994,
 Title = "The {Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program:
   Programmatic background and design of the Cloud and Radiation
   Test Bed}",
 Author = "Stokes, R. R. and S. E. Schwartz",
 Journal = "BAMS",
 Volume = "75",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "1201--1221" }

@article{stommel:1948,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry",
 Title = "The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents",
 Journal = "Transactions, American Geophysical Union",
 Volume = "29",
 Year = "1948",
 Pages = "202--206",
 Abstract = "The wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous rectangular ocean
   under the influence of surface wind stress, linearized bottom stress,
   horizontal pressure gradients caused by a variable surface height, and
   the Coriolis force is studied.  An intense crowding of streamlines toward
   the western border of the ocean is found to be caused by the variation of
   the Coriolis parameter with latitude, and is suggested to be the chief
   reason for the formation of the intense western boundary currents, such
   as the Gulf Stream, seen in the actual oceans." }

@article{stommel:1957,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry",
 Title = "A survey of ocean current theory",
 Journal = DSR,
 Volume = "4",
 Year = "1957",
 Pages = "149--184",
 Abstract = "A description and comparison of the interconnections among the
   independent lines of development of ocean current theory of the first
   half of the twentieth century.  Specifically, the work of Hough in 1897
   on the currents produced by zonal distributions of precipitation and
   evaporation and and its extension by Goldsbrough in 1933 to include
   meridional boundaries are shown to be applicable to more general situations
   if two additional physical ideas are included.  These are Ekman's 1905
   notion that the direct frictional stress of the wind is confined to a thin
   surface boundary layer and that viscous shearing stresses are unimportant
   dynamically in the deeper body of the ocean and the concept of a narrow
   western boundary current of a highly frictional and/or inertial character
   as discussed by Munk and Carrier in 1950, Hidaka in 1950, Charney in 1955,
   and Morgan in 1956.  Connections of the early work to more recent research
   on wave motions is also discussed." }

@book{stommel:1966,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry",
 Book = "The Gulf Stream:  A Physical and Dynamical Description (2nd Ed.)",
 Publisher = "Univ. of Calif. Press",
 Year = "1966",
 LOC = "64-23710",
 Pages = "248",
 Keyword = "Gulf Stream" }

@article{stommel:1984,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry",
 Title = "The delicate interplay between wind-stress and buoyancy input in
     ocean circulation:  the Goldsbrough variations",
 Journal = "Tellus",
 Volume = "36A",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "111--119",
 Keyword = "thermohaline circulation" }

@book{stommel:1987,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry",
 Book = "A View of the Sea:  A Discussion Between a Chief Engineer and
   an Oceanographer about the Machinery of the Ocean Circulation",
 Publisher = "Princeton Univ. Press",
 ISBN = "0-691-08458-0 (pbk.)",
 LOC = "GC228.5 S75 1987",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "165",
 Keyword = "ventilated thermocline, beta spiral, ocean circulation theory" }

@article{stommel-arons-etal:1956,
 Title = "An oceanographical curiosity:  the perpetual salt fountain",
 Author = "Stommel, H. and A. B. Arons and D. Blanchard",
 Journal = "Deep-Sea Res.",
 Volume = "3",
 Year = "1956",
 Pages = "152--153" }

@article{stommel-arons:1960a,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry and A. B. Arons",
 Title = "On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean - I. Stationary
   planetary flow patterns on a sphere",
 Journal = DSR,
 Volume = "6",
 Year = "1960",
 Pages = "140--154",
 Abstract = "A treatment of stationary planetary flow patterns driven by
   source-sink distributions in a cylindrical tank is extended to predict
   flow patterns which might be expected under similar circumstances on
   a rotating sphere.  Flow patterns are sketched for various source-sink
   distributions and meridional and zonal boundary conditions." }

@article{stommel-arons:1960b,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry and A. B. Arons",
 Title = "On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean - II. An idealized
   model of the circulation pattern and amplitude in oceanic basins",
 Journal = DSR,
 Volume = "6",
 Year = "1960",
 Pages = "217--233",
 Abstract = "The theoretical results of part I are used to construct a
   highly idealized model of the general abyssal circulation of the world
   ocean.  The model is based on postulating the existence of two concentrated
   sources for abyssal waters, one in the North Atlantic and one in the Weddell
   Sea and on a uniformly distributed upward flux of water from the abyssal
   to the upper layers as part of the mechanism of the main oceanic
   thermocline.  Deep water replacement time estimates of from 200 to 1800
   years are obtained." }

@article{stommel-arons:1972,
 Author = "Stommel, Henry and A. B. Arons",
 Title = "On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean - V. The influence
   of bottom slope on the broadening of inertial boundary currents",
 Journal = DSR,
 Volume = "19",
 Year = "1972",
 Pages = "707--718",
 Abstract = "A potential vorticity model is offered to explain the remarkably
   great width of western boundary bottom currents.  Effects of varying bottom
   slope, latitude and transport are explored, with the essential element
   in this explanation being the small slope of the bottom along which the
   current flows." }

@article{stommel-stroup-etal:1973,
 Title = "{Transpacific hydrographic sections at Lats. 43 deg. S
   and 28 deg. S:  the SCORPIO expedition}",
 Author = "Stommel, H. and E. D. Stroup and J. L. Reid and
   B. A. Warren",
 Journal = "Deep-Sea Res.",
 Volume = "20",
 Year = "1973",
 Pages = "1--8" }

@article{stommel-stommel:1981,
 Title = "The year without a summer",
 Author = "Stommel, H. and E. Stommel",
 Journal = "Sci. Am.",
 Volume = "240",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "176--186" }

@article{stone:1978,
 Title = "Constraints on dynamical transports of energy on a spherical
   planet",
 Author = "Stone, Peter H.",
 Journal = "Dyn. Atmos. Oceans",
 Volume = "2",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "123--139",
 Abstract = "
 The factors that caontorl the flux of energy across a latitude belt
 in the atmosphere/ocean system are determined.  The results show
 that, as long as a hemisphere is in equilibrium and as long as
 the structure of the system is dominated by the planetary scale,
 the total flux is constrained to peak near 35 deg. lat., the flux
 per unit area to peak near 45 deg. lat., and the magnitude of
 the flux is determined primarily by the solar constant, the
 size of the earth, the tilt of the earth's axis, and the hemispheric
 mean albedo.  The magnitude of the flux is insensitive to the
 structure and dynamics of the atmosphere/ocean system because
 the high efficiency of the dynamical transport mechanisms and
 because of the negative correlation between local planetary albedo
 and local thermal emissions to space."  }

@article{storch:1978,
 Author = "Storch, Hans V.",
 Title = "Construction of optimal numerical filters fitted for noise damping
     in numerical simulation models",
 Journal = "Beitrage zur Physik der Atmosphare", 
 Volume = "52", 
 Year = "1978", 
 Pages = "189--197" }

@article{stothers:1984,
 Title = "The great {Tambora} eruption in 1815 and its aftermath",
 Author = "Stothers, R. B.",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "224",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "1191--1198" }

@article{stramma:1991,
 Title = "Geostrophic transport of the {South Equatorial Current
   in the Atlantic}",
 Author = "Stramma, L.",
 Journal = "J. Mar. Res.",
 Volume = "49",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "281--294" }

@article{stramma-peterson:1990,
 Title = "{The South Atlantic Current}",
 Author = "Stramma, L. and R. G. Peterson",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanogr.",
 Volume = "1990",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "846--859" }

@article{strang:1989,
 Author = "Strang, Gilbert",
 Title = "Wavelets and dilation equations:  A brief introduction",
 Journal = "SIAM Review", 
 Volume = "31", 
 Year = "1989", 
 Pages = "614--627" }

@article{strang:1993,
 Author = "Strang, Gilbert",
 Title = "Wavelet transforms versus Fourier transforms",
 Journal = "Bull. (New Series) AMS",
 Volume = "28",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "288--305" }

@article{strebel-newcomer-etal:1990,
 Title = "The {FIFE} information system",
 Author = "Strebel, D. E. and J. A. Newcomer and J. P. Ormsby and
   F. G. Hall and P. J. Sellers",
 Journal = "IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.",
 Volume = "28",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "703--710" }

@incollection{street-perrott-harrison:1985,
 Title = "Lake levels and climate reconstruction",
 Author = "Street-Perrott, F. A. and S. P. Harrison",
 Booktitle = "Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling",
 Editor = "Alan D. Hecht",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "291--340" }

@article{stuart-tabor:1990,
 Author = "Stuart, J. T., and M. Tabor",
 Title = "The Lagrangian picture of fluid motion",
 Journal = "Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "333", 
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "263--271" }

@incollection{stuiver-braziunas:1988,
 Title = "The solar component of the atmospheric $^{14}$C record",
 Author = "Stuiver, Minze and Thomas F. Braziunas",
 Booktitle = "Secular Solar and Geomagnetic Variations in the Last
   10,000 Years",
 Editor = "Stephenson, F. R. and A. W. Wolfendale",
 Publisher = "Kluwer",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "246--266" }

@article{stuiver-quay:1980,
 Title = "Changes in atmospheric carbon--14 attributed to a
   variable sun",
 Author = "Stuiver, M. and P. D. Quay",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "207",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "11--19" }

@article{stuiver-etal:1997,
 Title = "The {GISP2} oxygen isotope record:  {Evidence} for solar
   forcing of climate?",
 Author = "Stuiver, M. and T. F. Braziunas and P. M. Grootes and
   G. A. Zielinski",
 Journal = "Quat. Res.",
 Year = "1997, submitted" }

@article{stute-etal:1992,
 Title = "Paleotemperatures in the southwestern {United States} derived
   from noble gas measurements in groundwater",
 Author = "Stute, M. and P. Schlosser and J. F. Clark and W. S.
   Broecker",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "256",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "1000--1003" }

@article{stute-etal:1995,
 Title = "Cooling of tropical {Brazil} (5\degr C) during the
   last glacial maximum",
 Author = "Stute, M. and M. Forster and H. Frischkom and A. Serejo
   and J. F. Clark and P. Schlosser and W. S. Broecker and G. Bonani",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "269",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "379--383" }

@article{subramian-gnanapragasam-etal:1985,
 Author = "Subramanian, P. R. and B. Gnanapragasam and G. Janhavi",
 Title = "Vector methods in dimensional analysis",
 Journal = "Eur. J. Phys.",
 Volume = "6",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "238--241",
 Abstract = "A new tool using vector methods in dimensional analysis is
    developed.  Its use in the application of dimensional analysis
    is illustrated with examples." }

@article{suess:1955,
 Title = "Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood",
 Author = "Suess, H.",
 Journal = "Science",
 Year = "1955",
 Volume = "122",
 Pages = "415--417" }

@article{sun-lindzen:1993,
 Title = "Water vapor feedback and the ice age snowline record",
 Author = "Sun, De--Sheng and R. S. Lindzen",
 Journal = "Ann. Geophysicae",
 Volume = "11",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "204--215" }

@incollection{sundquist.e:1985,
 Author = "Sundquist, Eric T.",
 Title = "Geological perspectives on carbon dioxide and the carbon cycle",
 Booktitle = "The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2:  Natural variations Archean
    to Present",
 Publisher = "AGU, Washington, D.C.",
 Year = "1985",
 Editor = "E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker",
 Pages = "5--59",
 Abstract = "Provides a detailed review of global carbon reservoirs and
   fluxes on a wide range of time scales and an excellent listing of
   many different estimates of the processes and reservoirs from
   different authors.  Concludes with a detailed box model of the
   carbon cycle [from Handel and Risbey (1992)]." }

@incollection{sundqvist:1993,
 Title = "Parameterization of clouds in large-scale numerical models",
 Author = "Sundqvist, Hilding",
 Booktitle = "Aerosol--Cloud--Climate Interactions",
 Editor = "Peter V. Hobbs",
 Publisher = "Academic Press",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "175--203" }

@incollection{sutton:1951,
 Title = "Atmospheric turbulence and diffusion",
 Author = "Sutton, O. G.",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "492--509" }

@techreport{svansson:1975,
 Title = "Physical and chemical oceanography in the {Skaggerak}
   and the {Kattegat}.  1. {Open} sea conditions",
 Author = "Svansson, A.",
 Institution = "Fish. Board Swed. Inst. Mar. Res.",
 Number = "1",
 Year = "1975" }

@incollection{sverdrup:1957,
 Author = "Sverdrup, H. U.",
 Title = "Oceanography",
 Booktitle = "Handbuch der Physik, Vol. XLVIII, Geophysics II",
 Publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
 Year = "1957",
 Pages = "608--670" }

@book{sverdup-johnson-etal:1942,
 Author = "Sverdrup, H.U. and Martin W. Johnson and Richard H. Fleming",
 Title = "The Oceans:  Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology",
 Publisher = "Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.",
 Year = "1942",
 Pages = "1087",
 Keyword = "physical oceanography, biological oceanography, chemical
   oceanography" }

@incollection{SWAMP:1985,
 Title = "Sea wave modeling project ({SWAMP}).  {An intercomparison
   study of wind wave prediction models, part 1:  Principal results
   and conclusions}",
 Author = "SWAMP group",
 Booktitle = "Ocean Wave Modeling",
 Editor = "SWAMP group",
 Publisher = "Plenum",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "?" }

@article{swartzman:1980,
 Author = "Swartzman, Gordon",
 Title = "Evaluation of ecological simulation models",
 Book = "Mathematical Modelling in Biology and Ecology, Lecture Notes in
   Biomathematics Vol. 33",
 Publisher = "American Mathematical Society",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "230--267",
 Keyword = "biological modeling" }

@article{swarztrauber:1993,
 Author = "Swarztrauber, Paul N.",
 Title = "The vector harmonic transform method for solving partial
    differential equations in spherical geometry",
 Journal = "Monthly Weather Review",
 Volume = "121",
 Year = "1993", 
 Pages = "3415--3437" }

@article{swaters:1986,
 Title = "A nonlinear stability theorem for baroclinic quasigeostrophic
   flow",
 Author = "Swaters, Gordon E.",
 Journal = "Phys. Fluids",
 Volume = "29",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "5--6" }

@article{swaters:1993,
 Author = "Swaters, Gordon E.",
 Title = "On the baroclinic dynamics, hamiltonian formulation and general
   stability characteristics of density-driven surface currents and fronts
   over a sloping continental shelf",
 Journal = "Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "345",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "295--325",
 Keyword = "Hamiltonian dynamics, baroclinic flow, stability" }

@article{sweldens-piessens:1994,
 Author = "Sweldens, Wim and Robert Piessens",
 Title = "Quadrature formulae and asymptotic error expansions for wavelet
    approximations of smooth functions",
 Journal = "SIAM J. Numer. Anal.",
 Volume = "31",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "1240--1264",
 Keyword = "wavelets",
 Abstract = "This deals with problems encountered when using wavelets
    in numerical analysis.  Quadrature formulae are constructed for the
    calculation of inner products of smooth functions and scaling 
    functions.  Several types are discussed and compared for different
    classes of wavelets.  A modified, well-conditioned construction using
    Chebyshev polynomials is also presented." }

@incollection{swift:1986,
 Title = "The arctic waters",
 Author = "Swift, James H.",
 Booktitle = "The Nordic Seas",
 Editor = "Hurdle, Burton G.",
 Publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "129--153" }

@article{SWIM:1985,
 Title = "Shallow water intercomparisoin of wave prediction
   models ({SWIM})",
 Author = "SWIM group",
 Journal = "Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc.",
 Volume = "111",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "1087--1113" }

@article{swift:1984,
 Title = "The circulation of the {Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland}
   overflow waters in the {North Atlantic}",
 Author = "Swift, J. H.",
 Journal = "Deep-Sea Res.",
 Volume = "31",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "1339--1355" }

@techreport{swift:1993,
 Title = "{ESTAR - The Electronically Scanned Thinned Array
   Radiometer} for remote sensing measurement of soil moisture
   and ocean salinity",
 Author = "Swift, C. T.",
 Institution = "NASA",
 Series = "Technical Memorandum",
 Number = "4523",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "40" }

@article{swift-aagaard-etal:1980,
 Title = "The contribution of {Denmark Strait} overflow to the
   deep {North Atlantic}",
 Author = "Swift, J. H. and K. Aagaard and S.-A. Malmberg",
 Journal = "Deep-Sea Res.",
 Volume = "27",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "29--42" }

@article{sy:1988,
 Title = "Investigation of large--scale circulation patterns in
   the central {North Atlantic:  The North Atlantic Current, the
   Azores Current, and the Mediterranean Water plume in the area of
   the Mid--Atlantic Ridge}",
 Author = "Sy, A.",
 Journal = "Deep--Sea Res.",
 Volume = "35",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "383--413" }