%LLLL

@article{lacaux-brustet-etal:1996,
 Title = "{Biomass burning in the tropical savannas of Ivory
   Coast:  An overview of the field experiment Fire of
   Savannas (FOS/DECAFE)}",
 Author = "Lacaux, J. P. and J. M. Brustet and R. Delmas and
   J. C. Menaut and L. Abbadie and B. Bonsang and H. Cachier and
   J. Baudet and M. O. Andreae and G. Helas",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Chem.",
 Volume = "22",
 Year = "1996",
 Pages = "195--216" }

@article{lafon-osher:1991,
 Author = "Lafon, F., and S. Osher",
 Title = "High order filtering methods for approximating hyperbolic systems
     of conservation laws",
 Journal = "J. of Comp. Physics,
 Volume = "96",
 Year = "1991",
 Pages = "110--142" }

@incollection{lafond:1962,
 Author = "LaFond, E. C.",
 Title = "Internal waves, part I",
 Booktitle = "The Sea.  Vol. I:  Physical Oceanography",
 Publisher = "Wiley",
 Editor = "Hill, M. N.",
 Year = "1962",
 Pages = "731--751" }

   Lam, S. H.,
   "On the RNG theory of turbulence,"
   Phys. Fluids A, Volume 4, 1992, pp. 1007-1017.
   Keyword = turbulence, renormalization group

@article{lamarche-hirschboeck:1984,
 Title = "Frost rings in trees as records of major volcanic
   eruptions",
 Author = "LaMarche, V. C. and K. K. Hirschboeck",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "307",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "121--126" }

@article{lamb.h:1961,
 Title = "Climatic change within historic time as seen in circulation
   maps and diagrams",
 Author = "Lamb, H. H.",
 Journal = "Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.",
 Volume = "95",
 Year = "1961",
 Pages = "124--161" }

@article{lamb.h:1970,
 Title = "Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and
   assessment of its meteorological significance",
 Author = "Lamb, H. H.",
 Journal = "Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.",
 Volume = "266A",
 Year = "1970",
 Pages = "425--533" }

@article{lamb.h:1972,
 Title = "{British Isles} weather types and a register of daily
   sequence of circulation patterns, 1861-1971",
 Author = "Lamb, H. H.",
 Journal = "Geophys. Mem",
 Year = "1972",
 Volume = "116",
 Publisher = "HMSO",
 Pages = "85" }

Author = "Lambert, Walter P., and E. Gus Fruh",
Title = "A methodology for investigating freshwater inflow requirements
   for a Texas estuary",
Booktitle = "Estuarine Interactions",
Editor = "?????",
Year = "1978",
Pages = "403--413",
Keyword = "estuarine circulation",
Abstract = "?????"

@article{langmuir:1938,
 Title = "Surface motion of water induced by wind",
 Author = "Langmuir, I.",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "87",
 Year = "1938",
 Pages = "119--?" }

@article{large-mcwilliams-etal:1994,
 Title = "Oceanic vertical mixing:  {A} review and a model with a nonlocal
   boundary layer parameterization",
 Author = "Large, W. G. and J. C. McWilliams and S. C. Doney",
 Journal = "Rev. Geophys.",
 Volume = "32",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "363--403" }

@article{latif-barnett:1994,
 Title = "Causes of decadal climate variability over the
  {North Pacific and North America}",
 Author = "Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "266",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "634--637" }

@article{latif-barnett:1995,
 Title = "Interactions of the tropical oceans",
 Author = "Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett",
 Journal = "J. Clim.",
 Volume = "8",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "952--964" }

@article{latif-barnett:1996,
 Title = "Decadal climate variability over the {North Pacific and
   North America:  Dynamics and predictability}",
 Author = "Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett",
 Journal = "J. Clim.",
 Volume = "9",
 Year = "1996",
 Pages = "2386--2406" }

@article{latif-barnett-etal:1994,
 Author = "Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett and M. A. Cane and M. Flugel
   and N.E. Graham and H. von Storch and J. S. Xu and S. E. Zebiak",
 Title = "{A review of ENSO prediction studies}",
 Journal = "Clim. Dyn",
 Volume = "9",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "167--179" }

   Lautenschlager, Michael, and Klaus Herterich,
   "Atmospheric response to ice-age conditions - climate near the
     Earth's surface,"
   Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Rep. No. 38, 1989, 13 pp.

@article{laviolette:1990,
 Title = "{The Western Mediterranean Circulation Experiment (WMCE):
   Introduction}",
 Author = "{La Violette}, Paul E.",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "95",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "1511--1514" }

@article{laviolette-tintore-etal:1990,
 Title = "The surface circulation of the {Balearic Sea}",
 Author = "{La Violette}, Paul E. and Joaquin Tintore and
   Jordi Font",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "95",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "1559--1568" }

@article{lean-etal:1992,
 Title = "Estimating the sun's radiative output during the
   {Maunder Minimum}",
 Author = "Lean, J. and A. Skumanich and O. White",
 Journal = "Geophys. Res. Lett.",
 Volume = "19",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "1591--1594" }

@article{lean-etal:1995,
 Title = "Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610:  {Implications
   for climate change}",
 Author = "Lean, J. and J. Beer and R. Bradley",
 Journal = "Geophys. Res. Lett.",
 Volume = "22",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "3195--3198" }

@incollection{leblond-mysak:1977,
 Title = "Trapped coastal waves and their role in shelf dynamics",
 Author = "LeBlond, P. H. and L. A. Mysak",
 Booktitle = "The Sea.  Vol. 6:  Marine Modeling",
 Editor = "Goldberg, Edward D.",
 Publisher = "Wiley",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "459--498" }

@article{lee.a:1970,
 Title = "The currents and water masses of the {North Sea}",
 Author = "Lee, Arthur",
 Journal = "Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.",
 Volume = "8",
 Year = "1970",
 Pages = "33--72" }

@article{lee.a-ellett:1967,
 Title = "On the water masses of the {Northwest Atlantic Ocean}",
 Author = "Lee, A. and D. Ellett",
 Journal = "Deep-Sea Res.",
 Volume = "14",
 Year = "1967",
 Pages = "183--190" }

Author = "Lee, Jonathan K., and David C. Froehlich",
Title = "Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the
   equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal
   plane:  A review of computatonal approaches to implementing 
   finite-element solutions of the shallow-water equations",
Publication:  "U.S. Geological Survey Circular #1009",
Year = "1986",
Call:  "Z5853 H9 L42",
Pages = "61",
Keyword = "finite elements",
Abstract = "?????"

Author = "Lee, Wan-Ho, and Gerald R. North"
Title = "Small ice cap instability in the presence of fluctuations"
Journal = "Climate Dynamics (submitted Aug. 6, 1993)"
Volume = "?????"
Year = "?????"
Pages = "?????"
Abstract = "The small ice cap instability (SICI) is investigated using
   a GCM and an EBM with an all land planet without topography and with
   mean annual insolation.  Multiple equilibrium states are found in
   the GCM for two different initial conditions and identical boundary
   conditions.  WIth the EBM, the SICI phenomena in the presence of noise
   forcing in dependent on the amplitude of the forcing.  SICI is not
   found in the EBM when the noise forcing is adjusted to match the
   fluctuations in the GCM but is found with weaker forcing."

Author = "Lee, Wan-Ho, and Gerald R. North"
Title = "Model simulations of surface temperature fluctuations with
  ice feedback"
Journal = "Climate Dynamics (submitted Aug. 6, 1993)"
Volume = "?????"
Year = "?????"
Pages = "?????"
Abstract = "A GCM and an EBM are used to investiage large scale surface
   temperature variations on an all land planet without topography and
   with mean annual insolation.  Four different regimes are obtained by
   varying the solar constant:  ice-free, partially ice-covered without
   ice-albedo feedback and with ice-albedo feedback, and an ice-covered
   planet.  It is discovered the the parameters of the EBM depend upon
   the solar constant and also that the diffusivity of an EBM plays a
   similar role as the circulation strength of a GCM in modulating the
   equator-to-pole temperature difference."

Author = "Leeder, M. R."
Title = "Recent developments in Carboniferous geology:   A critical review
     with implications for the British Isles and N.W. Europe"
Journal = "?????"
Volume = "?????"
Year = "?????"
Abstract = "preprint, 1992"

Author = "Leendertse, Jan J., and Shiao-Kung Liu",
Title = "Modeling of three-dimensional flows in estuaries",
Booktitle = "?????",
Editor = "?????",
Publisher = "?????",
Year = "?????",
Pages = "625--642",
Abstract = "?????"

Author = "Leendertse, Jan J., and Shiao-Kung Liu",
Title = "A three-dimensional turbulent energy model for nonhomogeneous
   estuaries and coastal sea systems",
Booktitle = "?????",
Editor = "?????",
Publisher = "?????",
Year = "?????",
Pages = "387--405",
Abstract = "?????"

@incollection{leetmaa-mccreary-etal:1981,
 Title = "Equatorial currents:  observations and theory",
 Author = "Leetmaa, Ants and Julian P. McCreary Jr. and
   Dennis W. Moore",
 Booktitle = "Evolution of Physical Oceanography",
 Editor = "B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch",
 Publisher = "MIT Press",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "184--197" }

@article{legates-willmott:1990,
 Title = "Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected,
   global precipitation",
 Author = "Legates, D. R. and C. J. Wilmott",
 Journal = "Int. J. Climatol.",
 Volume = "10",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "111--127" }

@article{legrouptourbillon:1983,
 Title = "Studies of mesocale eddies in the {North East Atlantic}",
 Author = "{Le~Group~Tourbillon}",
 Journal = "Deep-Sea Res.",
 Volume = "30",
 Year = "1983",
 Pages = "475--511" }

@article{leibovich:1983,
 Title = "The form and dynamics of {Langmuir} circulations",
 Author = "Leibovich, S.",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.",
 Volume = "15",
 Year = "1983",
 Pages = "391--427" }

@article{leith:1980,
 Author = "Leith, C. E.",
 Title = "Nonlinear normal mode initialization and quasi-geostrophic
   theory",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
 Volume = "37",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "958--968",
 Keyword = "normal mode initialization, quasi-geostrophic dynamics,
   multiple time scales" }

@article{leith:1985,
 Author = "Leith, C. E.",
 Title = "Nonlinear normal-mode initialization of numerical weather
   prediction models",
 Booktitle = "Multiple Time Scales",
 Editor = "Jeremiah U. Brackbill and Bruce I. Cohen",
 Publisher = "Academic Press",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "59--71",
 Keyword = "normal mode initialization, multiple time scales" }

@article{leith:1978,
 Author = "Leith, C. E.",
 Title = "Objective methods for weather prediction",
 Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.",
 Volume = "10",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "107--128",
 Keyword = "weather prediction" }

Author = "Leith, C. E.",
Title = "Theoretical skill of Monte Carlo forecasts",
Journal = "Monthly Weather Rev.",
Volume = "102",
Year = "1974",
Pages = "409--418",
Abstract = "?????"

Author = "Leith, C. E., and R. H. Kraichnan",
Title = "Predictability of turbulent flows",
Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
Volume = "29",
Year = "1972",
Pages = "1041--1058",
Keyword = "turbulence, predictability",
Abstract = "?????"

@article{lele:1992,
 Author = "Lele, Sanjiva K.",
 Title = "Compact finite difference schemes with spectral-like resolution,"
 Journal = "Journal of Computational Phys.",
 Volume = "103",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "16-42",
 Keyword = "numerical analysis, finite difference methods" }

@article{lenschow-wyngaard-etal:1980,
 Title = "Mean-field and second-moment budgets in a baroclinic,
   convective boundary layer",
 Author = "Lenschow, D. H. and J. C. Wyngaard and W. T. Pennell",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
 Volume = "37",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "1313--?" }

Author = "Leonard, A.",
Title = "Computing three-dimensional incompressible flows with vortex 
   elements",
Journal = "Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.",
Volume = "17",
Year = "1985",
Pages = "523--559",
Abstract = "A review of the numerical simulation of 3-D, unsteady vortical
   flows of an incompressible fluid at high Reynolds number."

Author = "Leonard, A.",
Title = "Energy cascade in large-eddy simulations of turbulent fluid flows",
Journal = "?????"
Year = "?????"
Pages = "237--248",
Abstract = "?????"

Author = "Leonard, A.",
Title = "Vortex methods for flow simulation",
Journal = "J. Comp. Phys.",
Volume = "37",
Year = "1980",
Pages = "289--335",
Abstract = "Recent progress in the development of vortex methods and their
    applications to the numerical simulation of incompressible fluid flows
    are reviewed.   Emphasis is on recent results concerning the accuracy
    of these methods, improvements in computational efficiency, and the
    development of 3-D methods.  Simulations of several example flows which
    display some of the strengths and weaknesses of vortex methods are
    presented."

@article{leovy:1985,
 Title = "The general circulation of {Mars}:  models and observations",
 Author = "Leovy, Conway B.",
 Journal = "Adv. Geophys.",
 Volume = "28",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "327--346" }

@article{leprovost-verron:1987,
 Author = "Le Provost, Christian, and Jacques Verron",
 Title = "Wind-driven ocean circulation transition to barotropic instability",
 Journal = "Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans", 
 Volume = "11", 
 Year = "1987", 
 Pages = "175--201" }

@article{leprovost-bennett-etal:1995,
 Title = "Ocean tides for and from {TOPEX/POSEIDON}",
 Author = "Le Provost, C. and A. F. Bennett and D. E. Cartwright",
 Journal = "Science",
 Volume = "267",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "639--642" }

@incollection{lerman:1977,
 Title = "Migrational processes and chemical reactions in interstitial
   waters",
 Author = "Lerman, A.",
 Booktitle = "The Sea.  Vol. 6:  Marine Modeling",
 Editor = "Goldberg, Edward D.",
 Publisher = "Wiley",
 Year = "1977",
 Pages = "695--738" }

@incollection{lesieur:1986,
 Author = "Lesieur, Marcel",
 Title = "Some aspects of turbulent diffusion",
 Booktitle = "Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere",
 Editor = "J. Willebrand and D.L.T. Anderson",
 Publisher = "D. Reidel, Boston",
 Year = "1986", 
 Pages = "337--357" }

@incollection{lettau:1951,
 Title = "Diffusion in the upper atmosphere",
 Author = "Lettau, Heinz",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "320--333" }

@article{leubner-marte:1985,
 Author = "Leubner, C., and M. A. M. Marte",
 Title = "Unified treatment of canonical and Noether symmetries in the
     analytical mechanics course",
 Journal = "Eur. J. Phys.",
 Volume = "6",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "22-32",
 Keyword = "Hamiltonian dynamics, symmetry" }

Author = "Levich, E., L. Shtilman, and A.V. Tur"
Title = "The origin of coherence in hydrodynamical structures"
Journal = "Physica A"
Volume = "176"
Year = "1991"
Pages = "241--296"
Abstract = "The origin of coherence in turbulence is shown to be a
   balanced competition between the tendency of topological organization
   (e.g. helicity) to be conserved, as is required by conservative (inviscid)
   dynamics, and the entropy growth, as is required by the second law of
   thermodynamics and procured by the energy transfer to small viscous
   scales and subsequent viscous dissipation.  Closure theories do not
   account for phase coherence and subsequent intermittency are are
   fundamentally insufficient to describe this."
Keyword = "turbulence, coherent structures"

@article{levine-irish-etal:1986,
 Title = "Simultaneous spatial and temporal measurements of the
   internal wave field during {MATE}",
 Author = "Levine, Murray D. and James D. Irish and Terry E. Ewart
   and Stephen A. Reynolds",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "91",
 Year = "1986",
 Pages = "9709--9719" }

@article{lewis.e:1980,
 Title = "The {Practical Salinity Scale} 1978 and its antecedents",
 Author = "Lewis, Edward L.",
 Journal = "IEEE J. Oceanic Engin.",
 Volume = "OE-5",
 Year = "1980",
 Pages = "3--8" }

@article{lewis.e-perkin:1978,
 Title = "Salinity:  {Its} definition and calculation",
 Author = "Lewis, Edward L. and R. G. Perkin",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "83",
 Year = "1978",
 Pages = "466--478" }

@article{lewis.jk-reid:1985,
 Title = "Local wind forcing of a coastal sea at subinertial frequencies",
 Author = "Lewis, James K. and Robert O. Reid",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "?",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "935--944",
 Note = "Filed under Reid." }

@article{lewis.jm:1995,
 Title = "The story behind the {Bowen} ratio",
 Author = "Lewis, J. M.",
 Journal = "Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.",
 Volume = "76",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "2433--2443" }

@article{lewis.jm-hayden-etal:1989,
 Title = "GUFMEX:  {A} study of return flow in the
   {Gulf of Mexico}",
 Author = "Lewis, J. M. and C. M. Hayden and R. T. Merrill and
    J. M. Schneider",
 Journal = "Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.",
 Volume = "70",
 Year = "1989",
 Pages = "24--29" }

@article{li.j-chylek-etal:1994,
 Author = "Li, J. and Petr Ch{\'y}lek and G. B. Lesins",
 Title = "Entropy in climate models.  Part I:  Vertical structure of
    atmospheric entropy production",
 Journal = JAS,
 Volume = "51",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "1691--1701",
 Keyword = "climate modeling, entropy",
 Abstract = "The vertical atmospheric entropy structure is investigated
    using 1-D radiative-convective models.  A method for evaluating radiation
    entropy is proposed.  The profiles of the radiative entropy fluxes, the
    vertical distributions of the internal entropy production rates of the
    atmosphere in different seasons, and the entropy budget for a column
    atmosphere are obtained.  The influence of clouds and the possible
    change of atmospheric constituents on the atmosphere entropy structure
    are also discussed." }

@article{li.j-chylek:1994,
 Author = "Li, J. and Petr Ch{\'y}lek",
 Title = "Entropy in climate models.  Part I:  Horizontal structure of
    atmospheric entropy production",
 Journal = JAS,
 Volume = "51",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "1702--1708",
 Keyword = "climate modeling, entropy",
 Abstract = "The global horizontal structure of atmospheric entropy is
    investigated.  The horizontal distribution of the atmospheric internal
    entropy production rate has been obtained in energy balance models.
    In the models, the radiation entropy has been evaluated through the
    effective temperature method.  It is found that with the increase
    of latitude, the internal entropy production decreases and the entropy
    production corresponding to the thermal conduction increases.  In
    addition, the atmospheric entropy structure problem under ice age
    conditions is discussed." }

@incollection{li.y:1990,
 Title = "Wave-current interaction",
 Author = "Li, Y. C.",
 Booktitle = "Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering.  Volume I:
   Wave Phenomena and Coastal Structures",
 Editor = "Herbich, John B.",
 Publisher = "Gulf Publishing Co.",
 Location = "Houston, Texas",
 Year = "1990",
 Pages = "703--726" }

Author = "Liandrat, J., and F. Moret-Bailly",
Title = "The wavelet transform:  Some applications to fluid dynamics
   and turbulence",
Journal = "Eur. J. Mech., B/Fluids",
Vol = "9",
Year = "1990",
Pages = "1--19",
Keyword = "wavelets, turbulence",
Comments = "In this paper the basic definitions and the most attractive
   properties of the wavelet transform are reviewed and explained using
   the classical language of turbulence.  It is shown that the wavelet
   transform appears to be a natural alternative to the decompositions
   commonly used in fluid dynamics and turbulence (i.e. Fourier decomposition).
   Some especially interesting properties of the wavelet transform for 
   interpretation or numerical approximation of turbulence are demonstrated
   on experimentally or numerically generated signal examples."

@article{lie-cho:1994,
 Title = "On the origin of the {Tsushima Warm Current}",
 Author = "Lie, Heung-Jae and Cheol-Ho Cho",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "99",
 Year = "1994",
 Pages = "25081--25091" }

@article{lilly:1965,
 Author = "Lilly, Douglas K.",
 Title = "On the computational stability of numerical solutions of
    time-dependent non-linear geophysical fluid dynamics problems",
 Journal = "MWR",
 Volume = "93",
 Year = "1965",
 Pages = "11--25",
 Keyword = "numerical methods, finite difference methods" }

@article{lin:1985,
 Author = "Lin, Avi",
 Title = "Towards generalization and optimization of implicit methods",
 Journal = "Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "357--380",
 Keyword = "numerical methods, implicit algorithms" }

   Lin, R. Q., and G. R. North,
   "A study of abrupt climate change in a simple nonlinear model,"
   Climate Dyn., Volume 4, 1990, pp. 253-261.
     Keyword = climate models, EBM, bifurcations

@article{lindeman-oerlemans:1987,
 Title = "{Northern Hemisphere} ice sheets and planetary waves:  A
   strong feedback mechanism",
 Author = "Lindemann, M. and J. Oerlemans",
 Journal = "J. Climate",
 Volume = "7",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "109--117" }

@article{lindesay-andreae-etal:1996,
 Title = "{International Geosphere--Biosphere Programme/International
   Global Atmospheric Chemistry SAFARI-92 field experiment:  Background
   and overview}",
 Author = "Lindesay, J. A. and M. O. Andreae and J. G. Goldammer and
   G. Harris and H. J. Annegarn and M. Garstand and R. J. Scholes and
   B. W. van Wilgen",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "101",
 Year = "1996",
 Pages = "23,521--23,530" }

@article{lindstrom-lukas-etal:1987,
 Title = "{The Western Pacific Ocean Circulation Study}",
 Author = "Lindstrom, E. and R. Lukas and R. Fine and E. Firing and
   S. Godfrey and G. Meyers and M. Tsuchiya",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "330",
 Year = "1987",
 Pages = "533--537" }

@incollection{lindzen:1971,
 Title = "Atmospheric tides",
 Author = "Lindzen, R.",
 Booktitle = "Mathematical Problems in the Geosciences:  2. Inverse
   Problems, Dynamo Theory and Tides",
 Editor = "Reid, William H.",
 Year = "1971",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Pages = "293--362" }

Author = "Lindzen, Richard D.",
Title = "Planetary waves on beta-planes",
Journal = "Monthly Weather Review",
Volume = "95",
Year = "1967",
Pages = "441--451",
Keyword = "Rossby waves",
Abstract = "?????"

   Lindzen, Richard S.,
   "A simple model for 100K-year oscillations in glaciation,"
   J. Atmos. Sci., Volume 43, 1986, pp. 986-996.
   Keyword = climate models, 100K oscillations

@article{lions-temam-etal:1992,
 Title = "New formulations of the primitive equations of atmosphere and
   applications",
 Author = "Lions, Jacques--Louis and Roger Temam and Shouhong Wang",
 Journal = "Nonlinearity",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "237--288",
 Note = "In Temam folder." }

@article{lions-temam-etal:1992,
 Title = "On the equations of the large--scale ocean",
 Author = "Lions, Jacques--Louis and Roger Temam and Shouhong Wang",
 Journal = "Nonlinearity",
 Volume = "5",
 Year = "1992",
 Pages = "1007--1053" }

Author = "Lipitakis, Elias A., and David J. Evans",
Title = "A sparse linear equations solver for 3D-regular domains",
Journal = "Comm. Appl. Num. Meth.",
Volume = "3",
Year = "1987",
Pages = "201--213",
Keyword = "sparse linear solver",
Abstract = "?????"

@article{lisitzin:1963,
 Title = "Mean sea level",
 Author = "Lisitzin, E.",
 Journal = "Oceanographic and Marine Biology Annual Review",
 Volume = "1",
 Year = "1963",
 Pages = "27--45" }

@incollection{liss-watson-etal:1997,
 Title = "Physical processes in the microlayer and the air--sea
   exchange of trace gases",
 Author = "Liss, P. S. and A. J. Watson and E. J. Bock and
   B. J{\" a}hne and W. E. Asher and N. M. Frew and L. Hasse and
   G. M. Korenowski and L. Merlivat and  L. F. Phillips and
   P. Schluessel and D. K. Woolf",
 Booktitle = "The Sea Surface and Global Change",
 Editor = "Liss, Peter S. and Robert A. Duce",
 Publisher = "Cambridge Univ. Press",
 Year = "1997",
 Pages = "1--33" }

Author = "Littlejohn, Robert G.",
Title = "A guiding center Hamiltonian:  A new approach",
Journal = "J. Math. Phys.",
Volume = "20",
Year = "1979",
Pages = "2445--2459",
Keyword = "Hamiltonian dynamics, guiding center motion",
Abstract = "?????"

Author = "Littlejohn, Robert G.",
Title = "Hamiltonian formulation of guiding center motion",
Journal = "Phys. Fluids",
Volume = "24",
Year = "1981",
Pages = "1730--1749",
Keyword = "Hamiltonian dynamics, guiding center motion",
Abstract = "A Hamiltonian theory of guiding center motion which uses
   rectangular coordinates in physical space and noncanonical coordinates
   in phase space is presented.  The averaging methods preserve two important
   features of Hamiltonian system, i.e. conservation of energy and
   Liouville's theorem, which are sacrificed by traditional averaging methods.
   The methods also relieve much of the burden of higher order perturbation
   calculations."

@article{liu.k-colinvaux:1985,
 Title = "Forest change in the {Amazon} basin in the last glacial
   maximum",
 Author = "Liu, K.--B. and P. A. Colinvaux",
 Journal = "Nature",
 Volume = "318",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "556--557" }

@incollection{liu.w:1984,
 Title = "Estimation of latent heat flux with {Seasat-SMMR, a case
   study in N. Atlantic}",
 Author = "Liu, W. T.",
 Booktitle = "Large-Scale Oceanographic Experiments and Satellites",
 Editor = "C. Gautier and M. Fieux",
 Publisher = "Reidel",
 Year = "1984",
 Pages = "205--?" }

@article{loder-wright:1985,
 Title = "Tidal rectification and frontal circulation on the sides of
   Georges Bank",
 Author = "Loder, John W. and Daniel G. Wright",
 Journal = "J. Marine Res.",
 Volume = "43",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "581--604",
 Note = "Filed under Daniel G. Wright." }

Author = "Long, Robert R.",
Title = "Some aspects of turbulence in geophysical systems",
Journal = "Advances in Applied Mechanics",
Volume = "17",
Year = "1977",
Pages = "2--91",
Keyword = "turbulence, geophysical turbulence",
Abstract = "?????"

@article{longuet-higgins:1964a,
 Title = "Planetary waves on a rotating sphere",
 Author = "Longuet--Higgins, M. S.",
 Journal = "Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "279",
 Year = "1964",
 Pages = "446--473" }

@article{longuet-higgins:1965a,
 Title = "Planetary waves on a rotating sphere, II",
 Author = "Longuet--Higgins, M. S.",
 Journal = "Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "284",
 Year = "1965",
 Pages = "40--68" }

@article{longuet-higgins:1965b,
 Title = "The response of a stratified ocean to stationary or moving
   wind--systems",
 Author = "Longuet--Higgins, M. S.",
 Journal = "Deep--Sea Res.",
 Volume = "12",
 Year = "1965",
 Pages = "923--973" }

@article{longuet-higgins:1970,
 Title = "Longshore currents generated by obliquely incident sea waves, 2",
 Author = "Longuet--Higgins, M. S.",
 Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
 Volume = "75",
 Year = "1970",
 Pages = "6790--6801" }

@article{longuet-higgins-gill:1967,
 Title = "Resonant interactions between planetary waves",
 Author = "Longuet--Higgins, M. S. and A. E. Gill",
 Journal = "Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A",
 Volume = "299",
 Year = "1967",
 Pages = "120--140" }

@article{longuet-higgins-stewart:1964,
 Title = "Radiation stresses in water waves:  a physical discussion
   with applications",
 Author = "Longuet-Higgins, M. S. and R. W. Stewart",
 Journal = "Deep Sea Res.",
 Volume = "11",
 Year = "1964",
 Pages = "529--562" }

Author = "L{\" o}nnblad, Leif, and Anders Nilsson"
Title = "The MC++ event generator toolkit"
Journal = "Computer Physics Communications"
Volume = "71"
Year = "1992"
Pages = "1--14"
Abstract = "MC++ is a toolkit for event generation in high energy physics
   written in C++.  It is an attemp to formulate the event generation chain
   in high energy particle collisions in a transparent and generic way using
   object-oriented programming techniques."

Author = "Lonsdale, P.",
Title = "Abyssal circulation of the southeastern Pacific and some geological
   implications",
Journal = "J. Geophys. Res.",
Volume = "81",
Year = "1976",
Pages = "1163--1176",
Keyword = "deep circulation",
Abstract = "?????"

@article{lorenz:1955,
 Title = "Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general
   circulation",
 Author = "Lorenz, E. N.",
 Journal = "Tellus",
 Year = "1955",
 Pages = "157--167" }

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N.",
Title = "The mechanics of vacillation",
Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
Volume = "20",
Year = "1963",
Pages = "448--464",
Abstract = "The equations governing a symmetrically heated viscous fluid are
   reduced to a system of 14 ODEs which contain two external parameters --
   an imposed thermal Rossby number and a Taylor number.  Solutions with
   purely zonal flow and with superposed steady waves are obtained 
   analytically, and solutions exhibiting vacillation and irregular
   nonperiodic flow are obtained numerically."

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N.",
Title = "Deterministic nonperiodic flow",
Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
Volume = "20",
Pages = "130--141",
Year = "1963",
Abstract = "Finite systems of deterministic ODEs may be designed to represent
   forced dissipative hydrodynamic flow, solutions of which can be identified
   with trajectories in phase space.  For systems with bounded solutions, it
   is found that nonperiodic solutions are ordinarily unstable with respect
   to small modifications, so that slightly differing initial states can evolve
   into considerably different states.  A simple system representing cellular
   convection is solved numerically and all the solutions are found to be
   unstable and almost all nonperiodic.  The feasibility of very-long-range
   weather prediction is examined in light of these results."

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N.",
Title = "The predictability of a flow which possesses many scales of motion",
Journal = "Tellus",
Volume = "21",
Year = "1969",
Pages = "289--307",
Abstract = "It is proposed that certain formally deterministic fluid systems
   which possess many scales of motion are observationally indistinguishable
   from indeterministic systems:  specifically, that two states of the system
   differing initially by a small 'observational error' will evolve into two
   states differing as greatly as randomly chosen states of the system within
   a finite time interval, which cannot be lengthened by reducing the amplitude
   of the initial error.

@incollection{lorenz:1975,
 Title = "Climate predictability",
 Author = "Lorenz, E. N.",
 Booktitle = "The Physical Bases of Climate and Climate Modelling",
 Editor = "?",
 Series = "GARP Publ. Ser.",
 Number = "16",
 Publisher = "World Meteorol. Org.",
 Year = "1975",
 Pages = "132--136" }

@article{lorenz:1979,
 Title = "Forced and free variations of weather and climate",
 Author = "Lorenz, E. N.",
 Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
 Volume = "36",
 Year = "1979",
 Pages = "1367-1376",
 Abstract = "Variations of weather and climate are termed 'forced' or 'free'
   according to whether or not they are produced by variations in external
   conditions.  The validity of treating the poleward transport of sensible
   heat in the atmosphere as a diffusive process is tested for various
   space and time scales.  It is verified for the long-term average and the
   seasonal variations of the largest spacescale, but fails to hold for most
   of the remaining scales.  Thus, diffusive behavior can be expected only for
   forced scales, and it is suggested that most of the scales resolved by the
   data are free." }

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N.",
Title = "Attractor sets and quasi-geostrophic equilibrium",
Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
Volume = "37",
Year = "1980",
Pages = "1685--1699",
Abstract = "A low-order PE model consisting of nine ODEs is derived from
   the SWEs with bottom topography, and from this a low-order quasi-geostrophic
   model with three equations is developed by dropping the time derivatives
   in the divergence equations.  For the chosen parameter values, gravity waves
   which are initially present in the PE model nearly disappear after a few
   weeks, while the quasi-geostrophic oscillations continue undiminished.  The
   states which are free of gravity waves form a 3-D stable invariant manifold
   within the 9-D phase space.  The attractor set consists of a complex of
   2-D surfaces imbedded in this manifold.  The geostrophic equation is a
   good approximation on most of the attractor, while the balance equation is
   better.  The attractors of the PE and QG models are qualitatively similar.
   Some speculations regarding the invariant manifold and the attractor in
   a large global circulation model are offered."

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N.",
Title = "Low-order models of atmospheric circulation",
Journal = "J. of the Meteorol. Soc. of Japan",
Volume = "60",
Pages = "255--267",
Year = "1982",
Abstract = "Low-order models (LOMs) are systems of differential equations which
   have been simplified by extreme reduction of the number of dependent
   variables, and are often capable of representing atmospheric processes
   in a qualitatively correct manner, and with them it is possible to obtain
   longer as well as larger ensembles of solutions than with a larger model.
   A general procedure for constructing LOMs is described and a selection of
   LOMs is presented.  The step-by-step construction of a LOM is illustrated
   with a model of the large-scale circulation of a moist atmosphere."

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N.",
Title = "Irregularity:  a fundamental property of the atmosphere",
Journal = "Tellus",
Volume = "36A",
Year = "1984",
Pages = "98--110",
Abstract = "Some early ideas concerning the general circulation of the
   atmosphere are reviewed.  A model of the general circulation consisting
   of 3 ODEs is introduced, the solutions for which possess one or two
   stable steady-state solutions, one or two stable periodic solutions,
   or irregular (aperiodic) solutions.  The implications of irregularity
   for the atmosphere and for atmospheric science are discussed."

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N."
Title = "The slow manifold - What is it?"
Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci."
Volume = "49"
Year = "1992"
Pages = "2449--2451"
Abstract = "?????"

Author = "Lorenz, Edward N., and V. Krishnamurthy",
Title = "On the nonexistence of a slow manifold",
Journal = "J. Atmos. Sci.",
Volume = "44",
Year = "1987",
Pages = "2940--2950",
Abstract = "A slow manifold S in the state space of a PE model is defined
   as a hypothetical invariant manifold on which there is no gravity-wave
   activity, and on which unique velocity-potential and streamfunction fields
   correspond to each isobaric-height field.  It is shown for a five-variable
   forced damped model that the point H representing the Hadley circulation
   and the two orbits forming the unstable manifold of H must lie in S if
   S exists and, further, that in traveling along one of these orbits one
   eventually encounters gravity waves.  It follows that S does not exist.
   The slow manifold is also shown to not exists in a nine-variable forced
   damped model and it is speculated as to whether one exists in larger
   and more realistic models."

Author: "Lorius, C., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, J. Hansen and H. Le Treut"
Title = "The ice-core record:  climate sensitivity and future greenhouse
     warming"
Journal = "Nature"
Volume = "347"
Year = "1990"
Pages = "139--145"
Abstract = "The prediction of future greenhouse-gas-induced warming depends
   critically on the sensitivity of Earth's climate to increasing
   atmospheric concentrations of these gases.  Data from cores drilled
   in polara ice sheets show a remarkable correlation between past
   glacial-interglacial temperature changes and the inferred atmospheric
   concentration of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.  These and
   other paleoclimate data are used to assess the role of greenhouse
   gases in explaining past global climate change, and the validity of
   models predicting the effect of increasing concentrations of such
   gases in the atmosphere."

  Lovejoy, S., and D. Schertzer,
  "Scale invariance, symmetries, fractals and stochastic simulations
    of atmospheric phenomena,"
  Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., Volume 67, 1986, pp. 21-32.

@article{lozier-owens-etal:1995,
 Title = "The climatology of the {North Atlantic}",
 Author = "Lozier, M. Susan and W. Brechner Owens and Ruth G. Curry",
 Journal = "Prog. Oceanog.",
 Volume = "36",
 Year = "1995",
 Pages = "1--44",
 Abstract = "Data from about 144,000 hydrographic stations in the
   North Atlantic have been retrieved from the national Ocean Data
   Centre and analysed to produce maps of mean pressure, temperature,
   salinity and oxygen on selected potential density surfaces for the
   domain bounded by 0 to 85 deg. W and 0 to 65 deg. N.",
 Keywords = "observational oceanography, Atlantic" }

@article{lu-mccreary-etal:1998,
 Title = "Meridional circulation cells and the source waters of the
   {Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent}",
 Author = "Lu, Peng and Julian P. McCreary~Jr. and Barry A. Klinger",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanog.",
 Volume = "28",
 Year = "1998",
 Pages = "62--84" }

@incollection{ludlam:1951,
 Title = "The physics of ice clouds and mixed clouds",
 Author = "Ludlam, F. H.",
 Booktitle = "Compendium of Meteorology",
 Editor = "Malone, Thomas. F.",
 Publisher = "AMS",
 Year = "1951",
 Pages = "192--198" }

@inproceedings{lumley:1985,
 Author = "Lumley, John L.",
 Title = "Strange attractors, coherent structures and statistical approaches",
 Booktitle = "Theoretical Approaches to Turbulence",
 Editor = "D. L. Dwoyer and M. Y. Hussaini and R. G. Voight",
 Publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
 Year = "1985",
 Pages = "359--363",
 Keyword = "turbulence, coherent structures, strange attractors" }

@article{lutjeharms:1982,
 Title = "Baroclinic volume transport in the {Southern Ocean}",
 Author = "Lutjeharms, J. R. E.",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanogr.",
 Volume = "12",
 Year = "1982",
 Pages = "3--7" }

@article{lutjeharms-vanballegooyen:1988,
 Title = "The retroflection of the {Agulhas Current}",
 Author = "Lutjeharms, J. R. E. and R. C. {van Ballegooyen}",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanogr.",
 Volume = "18",
 Year = "1988",
 Pages = "1570--1583" }

@article{luyten-pedlosky-etal:1983,
 Title = "The ventilated thermocline",
 Author = "Luyten, J. R. and J. Pedlosky and H. Stommel",
 Journal = "J. Phys. Oceanogr.",
 Volume = "13",
 Year = "1983",
 Pages = "292--309" }