C in the global average
surface temperature.
The procedure for performing a volumetric T-S or 
-S
involves: (1) preparing a suitable data set, preferably one composed
of relatively closely spaced hydrographic stations consisting of
surface-to-bottom data with all coverage within a single
season; (2) determining the area represented by each station;
(3) partitioning the temperature and salinity fields into an array
of T-S classes; (4) determining the depth interval within each
T-S class; (5) multiplying the depth intervals by the area represented
by each station to obtain the volumes of each class; and (6) summing
these volumes over the desired region.
See Swift (1986).
U)
i.e. the fluid
partaking of the vorticity of the Earth at the given latitude,
and the
relative vorticity,
( u)
i.e. the vertical component of the vorticity relative to
the rotating frame, where
U = 
x is the velocity of the rotating frame
at position x.
where 
is the vertical component of vorticity, f the
Coriolis parameter, w the vertical velocity, 
the
specific volume, and P the pressure.
The first, or divergence, term on the right-hand-side dominates
in large-scale motion. The second term represents the transformation
of vorticity from the horizontal to the vertical component, and
the third represents the direct generation of vorticity by
horizontal density and pressure gradients.
.