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Author = "Walsh, John J."
Title = "On the Nature of Continental
Shelves"
Publisher = "Academic Press"
Year = "1988"
Pages = "515"
LOC = "GC 85 W35"
ISBN = "0-12-733775-X"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction
1.1 Anthropogenic impacts
1.2 Spatial extent
1.3 Boreal shelf structure
1.4 Tropical shelf rectification
1.5 Food web coupling
2. Circulation
2.1 Equations of motion
2.2 Ekman dynamics
2.3 Vertical coupling
2.4 Spatial resolution
2.5 Time dependence
2.6 Vorticity
2.7 Baroclinicity
3. Production
3.1 Mass balances
3.2 Sampling considerations
3.3 Spatially synoptic chlorophyll fields
3.4 Time-dependent chlorophyll fields
4. Consumption
4.1 Mass balance
4.2 Bering Sea budget
4.3 Mid-Atlantic budget
4.4 Food limitation
5. Storage
5.1 Sinking losses
5.2 Present depocenters
5.3 Past depocenters
6. Alteration
6.1 Atmospheric forcing
6.2 Eutrophication
6.3 Overfishing
6.4 Climate
7. Summary
Editor = "Warren, Bruce A. and Carl Wunsch"
Title = "Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor
of Henry Stommel"
Publisher = "MIT Press, Mass."
Year = "1981"
Pages = "623"
LOC = "GC 150.7 E9"
ISBN = "0-262-23104-2"
Table of contents:
1. Deep circulation of the world ocean - Bruce A. Warren 6,
2. The water masses of the world ocean: some results of
a fine-scale census - L. V. Worthington 42,
3. On the mid-depth circulation of the world ocean -
Joseph L. Reid 70,
4. The Gulf Stream system - N. P. Fofonoff 112,
5. Dynamics of large-scale ocean circulation - George
Veronis 140,
6. Equatorial currents: observations and theory - Ants
Leetmaa, Julian P. McCreary, Jr., & Dennis W. Moore 184,
7. On estuarine and continental-shelf circulation in the
Middle Atlantic Bight - Robert C. Beardsley &
William C. Boicourt 198,
8. Small-scale mixing processes - J. S. Turner 236,
9. Internal waves and small-scale processes - Walter Munk 264,
10. Long waves and ocean tides - Myrl C. Hendershott 292,
11. Low-frequency variability of the sea 342,
12. Some varieties of biological oceanography - J. H. Steele 376,
13. The amplitude of convection - Willem V. R. Malkus 384,
14. Ocean instruments and experiment design - D. James
Baker, Jr. 396,
15. Geochemical tracers and ocean circulation - W.S. Broecker 434,
16. The origin and development of laboratory models and
analogues of the ocean circulation - Alan J. Fuller 462,
17. Air-sea interaction - H. Charnock 482,
18. Oceanic analogues of large scale atmospheric motions -
Jule G. Charney & Glenn R. Flierl 504,
Acknowledgments and permissions 550,
Reference list 554,
Index 612,
Contributors 622 " }
Author = "Washington, Warren M. and Claire L. Parkinson"
Title = "An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling"
Publisher = "University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA"
Year = "1986"
LOC = "86-050345"
ISBN = "0-935702-52-0"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction and historical development 1,
2. Physical description of the climate system 9,
2.1 Atmosphere 9,
2.2 Oceans 25,
2.3 Sea ice 37,
2.4 Atmosphere/ocean/ice interconnections 46,
3. Basic model equations 57,
3.1 Fundamental equations 57,
3.2 Summary of basic predictive equations for the
atmosphere 73,
3.3 Vertical coordinate systems 74,
3.4 Atmospheric and ocean dynamics 79,
3.5 Early general circulation models of the atmosphere 87,
3.6 Radiative and cloud processes 89,
3.7 Surface processes 121,
3.8 Ocean models 130,
3.9 Quasi-geostrophic ocean circulation model 139,
3.10 Sea ice models 141,
4. Basic methods of solving model equations 161,
4.1 Finite differences 163,
4.2 Finite differencing in two dimensions 169,
4.3 Spectral method 181,
4.4 Spherical representation 188,
4.5 Spectral transform technique 192,
4.6 Vertical representation 205,
5. Examples of simulations of present-day climate 209,
5.1 Simulations of the atmosphere 212,
5.2 Simulations of the ocean 225,
5.3 Simulations of sea ice 237,
5.4 Coupled atmosphere, ocean, sea ice simulations 252,
5.5 Modeling groups 254,
6. Climate sensitivity experiments 259,
6.1 Paleoclimate simulations 259,
6.2 Simulations of El Nino/Southern Oscillation 269,
6.3 Possible climatic effects due to nuclear war 283,
6.4 Overview of climate sensitivity studies 288,
7. Outlook for future developments 291,
App. A - Vector calculus 299,
App. B - Legendre polynomials and Gaussian quadrature 311,
App. C - Derivation of energy equations 319,
App. D - Finite difference barotropic forecast model 323,
App. E - Spectral transform technique 331,
App. F - Finite difference shallow water wave equation model 357,
App. G - Atmosphere general circulation model equations 367,
App. H - Unit abbreviations 379,
App. I - Physical constants in SI units 381,
App. J - Conversions 383,
App. K - Greek alphabet 385,
App. L - Acronyms 387,
References 391,
Index 415" }
Author = "Weiyan, Tan"
Title = "Shallow Water Hydrodynamics: Mathematical Theory and Numerical
Solution for a Two-dimensional System of Shallow Water Equations"
Publisher = "Elsevier, Amsterdam"
Year = "1992"
Pages = "434"
LOC = "TC 153 W45 1992"
ISBN = "0-444-98751-7 (Vol. 55)"
Table of contents:
1. Background in mechanics 1,
1.1 Physical objects 1,
1.2 System of fluid-dynamics equations for homogeneous
isotropic incompressible flows 3,
1.3 Two-dimensional system of shallow water equations
(2D SSWE) 17,
1.4 Physical meanings of various terms in 2-D SSWE 26,
1.5 Various forms of 2-D SSWE 38,
2. Properties of 2-D SSWE 60,
2.1 Conceptual mechanical behavior 60,
2.2 Dimensional analysis of 2-D SSWE 66,
2.3 Basic mathematics for systems of first-order quasilinear
hyperbolic equations 72,
2.4 Geometric theory of characteristics 84,
2.5 Riemann invariants 93,
2.6 Theory of nonlinear wave propagation 100,
3. Properties of the solutions of 2-D SSWE 107,
3.1 Initial and boundary conditions for well-posed problems 107,
3.2 Behavior of solutions 121,
4. Discontinuous solutions of SSWE 130,
4.1 Isentropic-flow simulation of SSWE and its limitations 130,
4.2 Discontinuous solutions of 1-D first-order hyperbolic
systems 135,
4.3 Introduction to 20-D discontinuous solutions 150,
4.4 Mathematical conditions of shock waves for 2-D SSWE 155,
5. Preliminary review of finite difference methods 161,
5.1 General description 161,
5.2 Basic performance of a difference scheme 168,
5.3 Basic difference schemes for first-order hyperbolic
systems in one space dimension 187,
5.4 FDMs for the computation of 1-D unsteady open flows 193,
6. Difference schemes for 2-D SSWE 206,
6.1 FDMs for the solution of 2-D SSWE in nonconservative
form 206,
6.2 FDMs for the solution of 2-D SSWE in conservative form 215,
6.3 Fractional-step methods methods and splitting-up
algorithms 219,
6.4 Fracional-step difference schemes for 2-D unsteady
flow computations 223,
6.5 FDMs for curvilinear meshes 234,
6.6 Finite volume method (FVM) 241,
7. Numerical solutions using finite element methods 245,
7.1 Related principles in variational calculus 245,
7.2 Piecewise approximation of plane problems and
convergence of FEM solutions 251,
7.3 FEM for 2-D unsteady open flows 264,
7.4 Several classes of special FEMs 272,
8. Techniques for the implementation of algorithms 283,
8.1 Computational math 283,
8.2 Classical techniques for improving computational
stability and accuracy 308,
9. New developments of difference schemes for 2-D first-order
hyperbolic systems of equations 334,
9.1 General description 334,
9.2 Two-dimensional methods of characteristics 342,
9.3 Characteristic-based splitting 347,
9.4 Riemann approach 360,
9.5 Approximate factorization of implicit schemes 366,
9.6 FCT algorithms and TVD schemes 369,
9.7 Square conservation schemes 382,
10. Stability analysis and boundary procedures 388,
10.1 Mathematical definitions of stability for difference
schemes 388,
10.2 von Neumann linear stability analysis 390,
10.3 Nonlinear instability 395,
10.4 Boundary procedures and their influence on numerical
solutions 400,
10.5 Stability theory for mixed problems 413,
11. Concluding remarks 418,
11.1 Requirements for an ideal finite-difference scheme 418,
11.2 Comparison of performance, merits and drawbacks
between FDM and FEM 419,
11.3 Brief introduction to other algorithms 420,
11.4 Towards a truly 2-D algorithm 424,
Index 431 " }
Author = "Whitham, G. B."
Title = "Linear and Nonlinear Waves"
Publisher = "John Wiley and Sons"
Year = "1974"
Pages = "636"
LOC = "QA 927 W48"
ISBN = "0-471-94090-9"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction and general outline 1,
2. Waves and first order equations 19,
3. Specific problems 68,
4. Burgers' equation 96,
5. Hyperbolic systems 113,
6. Gas dynamics 143,
7. The wave equation 209,
8. Shock dynamics 263,
9. The propagation of weak shocks 312,
10. Wave hierarchies 339,
11. Linear dispersive waves 363,
12. Wave patterns 403,
13. Water waves 431,
14. Nonlinear dispersion and the variational method 485,
15. Group velocities, instability, and higher order
dispersion 511,
16. Applications of the nonlinear theory 533,
17. Exact solutions; interacting solitary waves 577,
References 621,
Index 629 " }
Author = "Wiegel, Robert L."
Title = "Waves, Tides, Currents, and Beaches: Glossary
of Terms and List of Standard Symbols"
Publisher = "Council on Wave Research"
Organization = "Engineering Foundation"
Year = "1953"
Pages = "113"
LOC = "GC 9 W5 1953"
Table of contents:
Author = "Wiegel, Robert L."
Title = "Oceanographical Engineering"
Publisher = "Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J."
Year = "1964"
Pages = "532"
LOC = "64-23185"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction 1,
2. Theory of periodic waves 11,
3. The solitary wave 65,
4. Impulsively generated and other waves 77,
5. Tsunamis, storm surges, and harbor oscillations 95,
6. Effect of structures on waves 128,
7. Waves in shoaling water 150,
8. Wave diffraction 180,
9. Wind waves and swell 195,
10. Wave prediction 238,
11. Wave forces 248,
12. Tides and sea level changes 299,
13. Currents 310,
14. Shores and shore processes 341,
15. Some characteristics of the oceans' waters 384,
16. Mixing processes 424,
17. Functional design 442,
18. A case history 472,
19. Moorings 487,
Appendix 1: Table of functions of d/L0 514,
Appendix 2: Circular functions of x/L and t/T 525,
Appendix 3: Wave speed and length as a function of
wave period 527,
Index 529 "
Author = "Williams, Jerome"
Title = "Oceanographic Instrumentation"
Publisher = "Naval Institute Press"
Year = "1973"
ISBN = "0-87021-503-5"
LOC = "72-92657"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction
A. What is an oceanographic instrument?
B. Instrument design criteria
C. Instrument development
D. Instrument systems
E. Instrument characteristics
2. Accuracy
A. Environmental complications
B. Statistical parameters
C. Error
D. Time constant
E. Other instrument parameters
3. Depth determination
A. Methods of depth determination
B. Pressure
C. Pressure sensors
D. Signal conditioners
E. Pressure-sensor problems
F. State of the art
4. Temperature measurement
A. What is temperature?
B. Temperature scales and standards
C. Oceanic temperatures
D. Adiabatic heating
E. Accuracies required
F. Thermometers
G. Pyrometers
H. State of the art
5. Salnity determination
A. What is salinity?
B. Salinity-density relationships
C. Salinity distribution
D. Laboratory determinations
E. Conductivity salinometers
F. Sound speed in measuring salinity
G. Salinity at a distance
H. State of the art
6. Measurement of fluid motion
A. Motion-producing forces
B. The equation of motion
C. Simplified motion equations
D. Tidal currents
E. Current magnitudes
F. Vertical motion
G. Gyre, or eddy, size
H. Measuring practices
I. Indirect methods
J. Lagrangian direct methods
K. Eulerian direct methods
L. Signal conditioners
M. Static current meters
N. Turbulence measurements
O. Satellite detection of currents
P. Current units
Q. Direction determinatino
R. Vector averaging
S. State of the art
7. Light-associated measurements
A. Light losses
B. Absorption and scattering
C. Irradiance and beam transmittance
D. The cosine collector
E. The Gershun tube
F. Wavelength specification
G. The immersion effect
H. Relative irradiance
I. Beam transmittance
J. Irradiance-measuring devices
K. Beam-transmittance meters
L. The Secchi disc
M. Scattering measurement
N. Measuring bioluminescence
O. Integrating devices
P. Light as a tool
Q. State of the art
8. Sound measurements
A. Sound energy
B. Absorption
C. Scattering
D. Spreading
E. Refraction
F. Time-dependent losses
G. Acoustic holography
H. Ambient noise
I. Geophysical sound sources
J. Acoustic transducers
K. Transducer calibration
L. Propagation loss
M. Self noise
N. Sound-speed measurement
O. State of the art
9. Chemical measurements
A. Use of chemical measurements
B. Dissolved oxygen distribution
C. Oxygen electrodes
D. pH distribution
E. Indicator methods for pH determination
F. Electrode methods for pH determination
G. State of the art
10. Measurement of waves and tides
A. Classical results
B. Deep-water and shallow-water waves
C. Sea and swell
D. Wave spectra
E. Wave measurements
F. Long waves
G. Internal waves
H. Measuring internal waves
I. Pressure-sensor wave meters
J. Other wave meters
K. Tide gages
L. Measuring waves from satellites
M. State of the art
11. Geophysical measurements
A. Gravity and magnetic measurements
B. Acceleration of gravity
C. Gravity-measuring methods
D. Earth's magnetic field
E. Measuring magnetic anomalies
F. State of the art
12. Instrument platforms
A. Fixed and moveable platforms
B. The ideal platform
C. Buoys
D. Surface ships
E. Submersibles
F. Scuba
G. Satellites
H. Aircraft
I. State of the art
13. Data transmission and analysis
A. Data transmission
B. Cable links
C. Acoustic links
D. Radio links
E. Laser links
F. Analysis considerations
G. Reliability
H. Look out the window
I. State of the art
Author = "Williams, Jerome and Samuel A. Elder"
Title = "Fluid Physics for Oceanographers "nd
Physicists: An Introduction to Incompressible Flow
Publisher = "Pergamon Press"
Year = "1989"
ISBN = "0080339190"
Table of contents:
Author = "Wiin-Nielsen, Aksel, and Tsing-Chang Chen"
Title = "Fundamentals of Atmospheric Energetics"
Publisher = "Oxford Univ. Press"
Year = "1993"
Pages = "376"
ISBN = "0-19-507127-1"
LOC = "QC 880 W49 1993"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction 1,
2. Some elementary considerations 4,
3. Basic aspects of atmospheric energy 15,
4. Available potential energy 31,
4.1 The quasi-geostrophic case 41,
4.2 An elementary derivation 43,
5. Baroclinic and barotropic flow 46,
6. Transports of sensible heat and momentum 55,
7. Zonal and eddy energies 70,
8. Divergent and nondivergent flow 85,
9. Wavenumber representations 95,
10. Interaction among waves 110,
11. Energetics and predictability 123,
11.1 Nondivergent, horizontal flow 124,
11.2 The quasi-geostrophic case 126,
12. Energetics of an open domain 131,
12.1 Eulerian energy budget analysis 131,
12.2 Quasi-langrangian energy budget analysis 136,
12.3 The kinetic energy budget of baroclinic and
barotropic flow in an open domain 140,
12.4 The kinetic energy budget of rotational and
divergent flow in an open domain 145,
13. Energetics of some special phenomena 151,
13.1 Subtropical jet streams 151,
13.2 Spectral energetics of blocking 162,
13.3 Energetics of stationary eddies 177,
14. Quasi-periodic variation of atmospheric energetics 194,
14.1 Annual variation in the northern hemisphere 195,
14.2 Annual variation of the kinetic energy budget over
North America 204,
14.3 Vacillation of atmospheric energetics 210,
15. Energetics of the tropics: planetary scale 224,
15.1 Overview of tropical planetary-scale circulation 224,
15.2 Conventional spectral energetics 231,
15.3 Low-frequency variation of tropical energetics 237,
15.4 Spectral energetics of baroclinic and barotropic
flows 246,
15.5 Spectral energetics of tropic divergent and
rotational flows 251,
15.6 Spectral analysis of the tropical enstrophy 257,
15.7 Kinetic energy budget of the tropical easterly
jet 268,
15.8 Exchange of kinetic energy between low and middle
latitudes 271,
16. Energetics of the tropics: synoptic scale 275,
16.1 Equatorial waves over the western Pacific 276,
16.2 African waves 283,
16.3 Monsoon depression 291,
17. Energetics of the southern hemisphere 297,
17.1 Comparison of the annual variations in the
atmospheric energetics between the southern
and northern hemispheres 299,
17.2 Spectral energetics 309,
17.3 Vacillation of the southern hemisphere atmospheric
energetics 315,
17.4 Jet streams 320,
Problems 330,
Exercises 342,
Answers 351,
Bibliography 354,
Author index 369,
Subject index 371 " }
Author = "Wilks, Daniel S."
Title = "Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric
Sciences: An Introduction"
Publisher = "Academic Press"
Year = "1995"
Pages = "465"
ISBN = "0-12-751965-3"
LOC = "QC 874.5 W55 1955"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction
2. Review of probability
3. Empirical distributions and exploratory data analysis
3.1 Background
3.2 Numerical summary measures
3.3 Graphical summary techniques
3.4 Reexpression
3.5 Exploratory techniques for paired data
3.6 Exploratory techniques for higher-dimensional data
4. Theoretical probability distributions
4.1 Background
4.1.1 Whta is a theoretical distribution?
4.1.2 Parameters versus statistics
4.1.3 Discrete versus continuous distributions
4.2 Discrete distributions
4.2.1 Binomial distribution
4.2.2 Geometric distribution
4.2.3 Poisson distributin
4.3 Statistical expectations
4.3.1 Expected value of a random variable
4.3.2 Expected value of a function of a random variable
4.4 Continuous distributions
4.4.1 Distribution functions and expected values
4.4.2 Gaussian distribution
4.4.3 Gamma distribution
4.4.4 Weibull distribution
4.4.5 Lognormal distribution
4.4.6 Beta distribution
4.4.7 Gumbel distribution
4.5 Multivariate probability distributions
4.5.1 Bivariate normal distribution
4.5.2 Multivariate normal distribution
4.6 Qualitative assessments of the goodness of fit
4.6.1 Superposition of a fitted theoretical distribution and
data histogram
4.6.2 Probability plots
4.7 Parameter fitting using maximum likelihood
5. Hypothesis testing
5.1 Background
5.2 Some parametric tests
5.2.1 One-sample t test
5.2.2 Tests for differences of mean under independence
5.2.3 Tests for differences of mean under serial dependence
5.2.4 Goodness-of-fit tests
5.2.5 Likelihood ratio test
5.3 Nonparametric tests
5.4 Field significance and multiplicity
6. Statistical weather forecasting
6.1 Background
6.2 Review of least-squares regression
6.3 Objective forecasts--without NWP
6.4 Objective forecasts--with NWP
6.5 Probabilistic field (ensemble) forecasts
6.6 Subjective probability forecasts
7. Forecast verification
7.1 Background
7.2 Categorical forecasts of discrete predictands
7.3 Categorical forecasts of continous predictands
7.4 Probability forecasts
7.5 Categorical forecasts of fields
8. Time series
8.1 Background
8.2 Time domain. I. discrete data
8.3 Time domain. II. continuous data
8.4 Frequency domain. I. harmonic analysis
8.5 Frequency domain. II. spectral analysis
9. Methods for multivariate data
9.1 Background
9.2 Matrix algebra notation
9.3 Principal-component (EOF) analysis
9.3.1 Basics of PCA
9.3.2 Truncation of the principal components
9.3.3 How many principal components should be retained?
9.3.4 PCA based on the covariance matrix versus the correlation matrix
9.3.5 Application of PCA to fields
9.3.6 Rotation of the eigenvectors
9.3.7 The varied terminology of PCA
9.3.8 Scaling conventions in PCA
9.4 Canonical correlation analysis
9.4.1 Canonical variates
9.4.2 Computation of CCA
9.4.3 CCA applied to fields
9.4.4 Combining PCA and CCA
9.5 Discriminant analysis
9.5.1 Linear discriminant analysis
9.5.2 Multiple discriminant analysis
9.6 Cluster analysis
9.6.1 Distance measures and clustering methods
9.6.2 The dendrogram, or tree diagram
9.6.3 How many clusters?
Author = "Wood, E. J. Ferguson"
Title = "Microbiology of Oceans and Estuaries"
Publisher = "Elsevier"
Year = "1967"
Pages = "319"
LOC = "67-10468"
Table of contents:
I. Introduction
1. Marine microbiology as a discipline
2. Microbes in a primitive aqueous system
3. Why marine microbiology
4. Some general considerations
5. Development of marine microbiology
6. Significance of marine microbiology in oceanography
7. Significance of marine microbiology in marine biology
II. Marine microorganisms (bacteria and fungi)
1. Taxonomic considerations
III. Marine microorganisms (the algae)
1. Taxonomic difficulties among the algae
2. Nutrition of marine algae
3. The Cyanophyceae, Myxophyceae or blue-green algae
4. The diatoms
5. The flagellates
IV. Marine microorganisms (colorless Protozoa)
1. The Sarcodina
2. The Ciliata
V. Microbial symbioses
1. Bacterial symbioses
2. Algal symbioses
3. Zooxanthellae
VI. The role of microorganisms in the water
1. The marine environment
2. The relation of microorganisms to the oceanic environments
VII. Microorganisms in the estuaries
1. Definition of an estuary
2. Characteristics of estuaries
3. The protoplankton community
4. The epiphytic community
5. The benthic community
6. Microbes in the estaurine food webs
VIII. Some economic aspects of water microbiology
1. Microbial fouling of submerged surfaces
2. Marine borer and microbiology
3. Microbial corrosion in aqueous environments
4. The rotting of cordage and fixed structures
IX. Further economic aspects
1. Microbial fermentation in marine products
2. Fish spoilage
X. Some geobiological aspects
1. Microorganisms in paleontology
2. The chemical and ecological importance of microorganisms
3. Products of microbial activity
4. Nutrient cycles in the sea (summaries)
Author = "Wust, Georg"
Title = "Stratification and Circulation in the
Antillean-Caribbean Basins. Part 1: Spreading and Mixing of the
Water Types"
Publisher = "Columbia Univ. Press"
Year = "1964"
Pages = "201"
LOC = "64-11042"
Table of contents:
I. Introduction: historical remarks
II. Principles of the core method
III. Distribution of surface temperature and heat budget
IV. Distribution of surface salinity and water budget
V. Annual variations of surface currents
VI. Geographic nomenclature of basins and ridges Distribution of
hydrographic stations
VII. Warm water circulation
VIII. Cold water circulation in intermediate layers
IX. North Atlantic deep water circulation
X. Renewal of deep waters in oxygen sections through main passages
XI. Antarctic and Caribbean bottom waters
XII. The sill depths of main passages in longitudinal sections of
potential temperature
XIII. Concluding remarks
References
Oceanographic atlas, plates I-LI
Appendix: Data used in the construction of core charts and sections
Author = "Wylie, Francis E."
Title = "Tides and the Pull of the Moon"
Publisher = "Berkley"
Year = "1980"
Pages = "253"
ISBN = "0-425-04545-5"
Table of contents:
I. Star of our life
II. Boiling on the waters
III. Mechanics of the tides
IV. Waves, seiches, and amphidromes
V. High winds, high tides
VI. NOAA's ark
VII. Currents, bores and maelstroms
VIII. Tides of earth and air
IX. Grit in the clockwork
X. Tides and earthquakes
XI. Tsunami
XII. Tides and shores
XIII. Tides of life
XIV. Tides of war
XV. Tidal power
S. Baum
Dept. of Oceanography
Texas A&M University
baum@astra.tamu.edu