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Author = "Officer, Charles B."
Title = "Physical Oceanography of Estuaries (and Associated Coastal
Waters)"
Publisher = "John Wiley & Sons"
Year = "1976"
Pages = "465"
ISBN = "0-471-65278-4"
LOC = "GC 97 O33"
Table of contents:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Introduction,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Description of estuaries
\item Classification of estuaries
\end{enumerate}
% Part 1 - Theory,
\item Hydrodynamics,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Hydrodynamic preliminaries
\item Equations of motion
\item Equations of continuity
\item Continuity, mixing, and diffusion
\item Turbulence and diffusion
\item Diffusion scale effects
\item Forces
\item Turbulence and internal friction
\item Boundary layer and bottom friction
\item Scaling and integrated equations
\item Hydraulics of open channel flow
\item Hydrodynamic numbers and coefficients
\end{enumerate}
\item Tidal phenomena,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Introduction
\item Tidal waves
\item Tidal cooscillation
\item Tidal waves with friction
\item Tidal energies and energy losses
\item Bores
\end{enumerate}
\item Circulation,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Controls, transitions, and jumps
\item Fjord type entrainment flow
\item Arrested salt wedge flow
\item Stratified flow in straits
\item Horizontal density gradient flow
\item Two dimensional density gradient flow
\item Tidal motion and near bottom effects
\item Fronts
\item Transverse effects
\item Some lateral effects on circulation
\end{enumerate}
\item Mixing,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Simplified mixing concepts
\item Overmixing
\item Entrainment mixing
\item Longitudinal dispersion across a vertical section
\item Horizontal, one dimensional tidal mixing
\item Vertical velocity shear, circulation, and mixing effects
\item Lateral velocity shear, circulation, and mixing effects
\item Diffusion induced circulation
\item Vertical stability and vertical mixing
\item Seasonal thermocline and heat effects
\end{enumerate}
\item Pollutant dispersion,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Introduction
\item Longitudinal conservative dispersion
\item Longitudinal nonconservative dispersion
\item Vertical dispersion effects
\item Geometry and source considerations
\item Velocity shear and point source dispersion
\item Coupled nonconservative systems
\end{enumerate}
% Part 2 - Applications,
\item Great Britain,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Introduction
\item Mersey estuary and Liverpool bay
\item Severn estuary and Bristol channel
\item Southampton estuary and the Solent
\item Thames estuary
\item Tay estuary
\item Red wharf bay, Anglesey
\item Irish sea
\end{enumerate}
\item Europe,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Hardangerfjord and Nordfjord
\item Frierfjord and Oslofjord
\item Randers fjord and Schultz's grund
\item Elbe and Ems estuaries
\item Bosporus, Dardanelles, Gibraltar, and Bab el Mandeb
\item European coastal waters
\end{enumerate}
\item Americas, East Coast,
\begin{enumerate}
\item St. John estuary
\item Miramichi, Penobscot, and Kennebec estuaries
\item Connecticut and Merrimack rivers
\item Hudson river and associated waters
\item Raritan estuary
\item Delaware estuary
\item Chesapeake bay and associated waters
\item James estuary
\item Savannah and Charleston harbors
\item Florida peninsula waters
\item Mississippi river
\item Galveston bay
\item Amazon river
\item Bay of Fundy
\item Long Island sound
\end{enumerate}
\item Americas, West Coast,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Alaska inlets
\item British Columbia inlets
\item Vancouver island inlets
\item Alberni inlet
\item Duwamish and Snohomish rivers
\item Columbia river estuary
\item Grays harbor and Yaquina estuaries
\item San Francisco bay and associated waters
\item Inlets of Chile
\item Straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia
\end{enumerate}
\item Asia, Australia, and Japan,
\begin{enumerate}
\item Vellar estuary
\item Hooghly estuary
\item Chao Phya estuary
\item Australian estuaries
\item Rivers of Japan
\item Osaka and Ariake bays
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}" }
Author = "Oke, T. R."
Title = "Boundary Layer Climates (2nd Ed.)"
Publisher = "Routledge"
Year = "1987"
Pages = "435"
LOC = "QC 981.7 M5034"
ISBN = "0-415-04319-0"
Table of contents:
1. Energy and mass exchanges
2. Physical basis of boundary layer climates
3. Climates of simple non-vegetated surfaces
4. Climates of vegetated surfaces
5. Climates of non-uniform terrain
6. Climates of animals
7. Intentionally modified climates
8. Inadvertent climate modification
9. Air pollution in the boundary layer
Editor = "Open University"
Title = "Seawater: Its Composition, Properties
and Behaviour"
Publisher = "Pergamon Press"
Year = "1989"
Pages = "165"
ISBN = "0-08-036368-7"
LOC = "GC 101.2 S4 1988"
Table of contents:
1. Water, air and ice
1.1 The special properties of water
1.2 The hydrological cycle
2. Temperature in the oceans
2.1 Solar radiation
2.2 Distribution of surface temperatures
2.3 Distribution of temperature with depth
2.4 Energy from the thermocline - a brief digression
2.5 Temperature distribution and water movement
3. Salinity in the oceans
3.1 Constancy of composition
3.2 Variations of salinity
3.3 The measurement of salinity
4. Density and pressure in the oceans
4.1 Water masses
4.2 Depth (pressure), density and temperature
4.3 T-S diagrams
4.4 Mixing processes in the oceans
5. Light and sound in seawater
5.1 Underwater light
5.2 Underwater sound
6. The seawater solution
6.1 The gross chemical composition of seawater
6.2 Sources and sinks, or why the sea is salt
6.3 Chemical and biological reactions in seawater
7. Seawater and the global cycle
7.1 A short history of seawater
7.2 A look ahead
Editor = "Osborne, A. R."
Title = "Nonlinear Topics in Ocean Physics: Proceedings S.I.F., Course
CIX"
Publisher = "North-Holland"
Year = "1991"
Pages = "996"
LOC = "GC 200 I58 1988"
ISBN = "0-444-89017-3"
Table of contents:
Part I - The dynamics of mesoscale and large-scale flows,
A. Theoretical considerations and numerical experiments,
1. Geostrophic vortices - J. C. McWilliams 5,
2. Nonlinear equatorial waves - J. P. Boyd 51,
3. The shallow-water equations on an F-plane - A. D.
Kirwan, Jr. and J. Liu 99,
4. Nonlinear stability of ideal fluid equilibria -
D. D. Holm 133,
5. Integrable Hamiltonian dynamics of elliptical-vortex
solutions for the SWE - D. D. Holm 175,
6. A variational generalization of the 1.5 layer
model - A. D. Kirwan, Jr. 185,
7. Nonlinear dynamics of inertio-gravity waves -
M. Farge 189,
8. Free equilibrium states and wind-driven circulation -
A. Griffa 203,
B. Laboratory and field experiments,
9. Experiments on vortices and Rossby waves in eastward
and westward jets - J. Sommeria, S. D. Meyers,
and H. L. Swinney 227,
10. Experiments on planetary scale instabilities -
J. E. Hart 271,
11. Dynamics of fronts and eddies - P. F. Linden 313,
12. Chaotic Couette-Taylor flow - A. Brandstater and
H. L. Swinney 353,
13. The study of fluid parcel trajectories in large-scale
ocean flows - A. Provenzale, A. R. Osborne, A. D.
Kirwan, Jr., and L. Bergamasco 367,
14. Directed self-interacting self-avoiding random
walks - D. J. Klein and W. A. Seitz 403,
15. Topographic Rossby wave solitonss in the Gulf of
Mexico - S. Nakamoto 417,
16. A variational method for determining absolute
velocities from hydrographic data - G. Peggion 439,
Part II - Nonlinear wave dynamics,
A. Higher-order theories and numerical experiments,
17. Recent advances in nonlinear water waves: an
overview - H. C. Yuen 461,
18. Breaking water waves - D. H. Peregrine 499,
19. Weakly nonlocal solitary waves - J. P. Boyd 527,
20. Nonlinear wave refraction - D. H. Peregrine 557,
21. The Zakharov and modified Zakharov equations and
their applications - L. Shemer & M. Stiassnie 581,
22. Numerical experiments on chaos and order in the
long-term evolution of nonlinear water waves -
H. C. Yuen 621,
23. The fractal dimension of the ocean surface -
M. Stiassnie 633,
24. Nonlinear internal solitary waves in straits with
varying width and depth - D. Levi 649,
B. Systems integrable by the inverse scattering transform,
25. Nonlinear Fourier analysis - A. R. Osborne 669,
26. Nonlinear wave equations solvable by the spectral
transform - A. Degasperis 701,
27. The relationship between the spectral theories for the
periodic Korteweg-de Vries and nonlinear Schrodinger
equations - E. R. Tracy, J. W. Larson, A. R. Osborne
and L. Bergamasco 769,
28. Polycnoidal waves: spatially periodic generalizations
of multiple solitons - J. P. Boyd & S. E. Haupt 827,
29. Nonlinearity in dispersive trapped waves - P. C.
Sabatier 857,
30. Two-dimensional propagation of long nonlinear internal
waves - S. Pierini 875,
C. Laboratory and field measurements,
31. Periodic waves in shallow water - J. Hammack, N.
Scheffner, and H. Segur 891,
32. Some recent experimental results on the effects of
long waves on short waves under wind - H. C. Yuen 915,
33. WAM, a third-generation wave model - L. Cavaleri 925,
34. WAM application to the Mediterranean Sea - the
accuracy of the results - L. Cavaleri 945,
35. Resonant interactions among ripples - J. Hammack,
M. Perlin, and D. Henderson 969" }
Editor = "Osborne, A. R., and P. Malanotte Rizzoli"
Title = "Topics in Ocean Physics: Proceedings S.I.F., Course LXXX"
Publisher = "North-Holland"
Year = "1982"
Author = "Palmen, E., and C. W. Newton"
Title = "Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure and Physical
Interpretation"
Publisher = "Academic Press"
Year = "1969"
Pages = "603"
LOC = "69-12279"
Table of contents:
1. The mean structure of the atmosphere, and the maintenance
of the general circulation in the northern hemisphere 2,
2. Heat balance of the Earth's atmosphere, and the meridional
and vertical transfer of energy 27,
3. Seasonal and zonal variations of the mean atmospheric
structure and flow patterns 67,
4. Principal air masses and fronts, jet streams, and
tropopauses 103,
5. The polar-front theory and the beginnings of synoptic
aerology 119,
6. Extratropical disturbances in relation to the upper waves 140,
7. Thermal structure of fronts and corresponding wind field 168,
8. Principal tropospheric jet streams 195,
9. Frontogenesis and related circulations 238,
10. Three-dimensinal flow patterns in extratropical
disturbances 274,
11. Development of extratropical cyclones 315,
12. Weather in relation to disturbances 353,
13. Organized convective systems in middle latitudes 391,
14. Circulation and disturbances of the tropics 427,
15. Tropical cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons 472,
16. Energy conversions in atmospheric circulation systems 524,
17. Summary of the atmospheric circulation processes 561,
Author index 587,
Subject index 595" }
Author = "Parsons, T. R. and M. Takahashi and B. Hargrave"
Title = "Biological Oceanographic Processes (2nd Ed.)"
Publisher = "Pergamon Press"
Year = "1977"
Author = "Pedlosky, Joseph"
Title = "Geophysical Fluid Dynamics"
Publisher = "Springer-Verlag"
Year = "1982"
Pages = "624"
LOC = "QC 809 F5 P43"
ISBN = "0-387-90745-9"
Table of contents:
1. Preliminaries 1,
1.1 Geophysical fluid dynamics 1,
1.2 The Rossby number 2,
1.3 Density stratification 8,
1.4 The equations of motion in a nonrotating coordinate
frame 10,
1.5 Rotating coordinate frames 14,
1.6 Equations of motion in a rotating coordinate frame 17,
1.7 Coriolis acceleration and the Rossby number 20,
2. Fundamentals 22,
2.1 Vorticity 22,
2.2 The circulation 28,
2.3 Kelvin's theorem 33,
2.4 The vorticity equation 34,
2.5 Potential vorticity 38,
2.6 The thermal wind 42,
2.7 The Taylor-Proudman theorem 43,
2.8 Geostrophic motion 45,
2.9 Consequences of the geostrophic and hydrostatic
approximations 51,
2.10 Geostrophic degeneracy 55,
3. Inviscid shallow-water theory 57,
3.1 Introduction 57,
3.2 The shallow-water model 58,
3.3 The shallow-water equations 59,
3.4 Potential vorticity conservation: Shallow-water
theory 63,
3.5 Integral constraints 65,
3.6 Small-amplitude motions 67,
3.7 Linearized geostrophic motion 69,
3.8 Plane waves in a layer of constant depth 71,
3.9 Poincar{\'e} and Kelvin waves 75,
3.10 The Rossby wave 81,
3.11 Dynamic diagnosis of the Rossby wave 84,
3.12 Quasigeostrophic scaling in shallow-water theory 86,
3.13 Steady quasigeostrophic motion 93,
3.14 Inertial boundary currents 94,
3.15 Quasigeostrophic Rossby waves 99,
3.16 The mechanism for the Rossby wave 102,
3.17 The beta-plane 105,
3.18 Rossby waves in a zonal current 108,
3.19 Group velocity 111,
3.20 The method of multiple time scales 118,
3.21 Energy and energy flux in Rossby waves 121,
3.22 The energy propagation diagram 123,
3.23 Reflection and the radiation condition 124,
3.24 Rossby waves produced by an initial disturbance 130,
3.25 Quasigeostrophic normal modes in closed basins 144,
3.26 Resonant interactions 153,
3.27 Energy and enstrophy 164,
4. Friction and viscous flow 168,
4.1 Introduction 168,
4.2 Turbulent Reynolds stress 170,
4.3 The Ekman layer 174,
4.4 The nature of nearly frictionless flow 183,
4.5 Boundary-layer theory 189,
4.6 Quasigeostrophic dynamics in the presence of friction 201,
4.7 Spin-down 205,
4.8 Steady motion 206,
4.9 Ekman layer on a sloping surface 208,
4.10 Ekman layer on a free surface 215,
4.11 Quasigeostrophic potential vorticity equation with
friction and topography 222,
4.12 The decay of a Rossby wave 225,
4.13 Side-wall friction layers 227,
5. Homogeneous models of the wind-driven ocean circulation 236,
5.1 Introduction 236,
5.2 The homogeneous model 239,
5.3 The Sverdrup relation 245,
5.4 Meridional boundary layers: the Munk layer 253,
5.5 Stommel's model: bottom friction layer 264,
5.6 Inertial boundary-layer theory 270,
5.7 Inertial currents in the presence of friction 276,
5.8 Rossby waves and the westward intensification of the
oceanic circulation 278,
5.9 Dissipation integrals for steady circulations 281,
5.10 Free inertial modes 287,
5.11 Numerical experiments 290,
5.12 Ekman upwelling circulations 297,
5.13 The effect of bottom topography 308,
5.14 Concluding remarks on the homogeneous model 313,
6. Quasigeostrophic motion of a stratified fluid on a sphere 314,
6.1 Introduction 314,
6.2 The equations of motion in spheric coordinates:
scaling 315,
6.3 Geostrophic approximation: $\epsilon = O(l/r_{0})
\ll 1$ 323,
6.4 The concept of static stability 329,
6.5 Quasigeostrophic potential-vorticity equation for
atmopsheric synoptic scales 333,
6.6 The Ekman layer in a stratified fluid 338,
6.7 Boundary conditions for the potential vorticity
equation: the atmosphere 340,
6.8 Quasigeostrophic potential-vorticity equation for
oceanic synoptic scales 340,
6.9 Boundary conditions for the potential-vorticity
equation: the oceans 343,
6.10 Geostrophic energy equation and available potential
energy 346,
6.11 Rossby waves in a stratified fluid 352,
6.12 Rossby-wave normal modes: the vertical structure
equation 356,
6.13 Forced stationary waves in the atmosphere 363,
6.14 Wave-zonal-flow interaction theorems 371,
6.15 Topographic waves in a stratified ocean 378,
6.16 Layer models 386,
6.17 Rossby waves in the two-layer model 394,
6.18 The relationship of the layer models to the
``level'' models 396,
6.19 Geostrophic approximation $\epsilon \ll L/r_{0} .lt. 1$,
the Sverdrup relation 400,
6.20 Geostrophic approximation $\epsilon \ll 1, L/r_{0}
= O(1)$ 404,
6.21 The thermocline problem 409,
7. Instability theory 423,
7.1 Introduction 423,
7.2 Formulation of the instability problem: the
continuously stratified model 426,
7.3 The linear stability problem: conditions for
instability 432,
7.4 Normal modes 441,
7.5 Bounds on the phase speed and growth rate 447,
7.6 Baroclinic instability: the basic mechanism 451,
7.7 Eady's model 456,
7.8 Charney's model and critical layers 465,
7.9 Instability in the two-layer model: formulation 477,
7.10 Normal modes in the two-layer model: necessary
conditions for instability 481,
7.11 Baroclinic instability in the two-layer model:
Phillips' model 485,
7.12 Effects of friction 492,
7.13 Baroclinic instability of nonzonal flows 497,
7.14 Barotropic instability 504,
7.15 Instability of currents with horizontal and
vertical shear 512,
7.16 Nonlinear theory of baroclinic instability 519,
8. Ageostrophic motion 540,
8.1 Anisotropic scales 540,
8.2 Continental-shelf waves 544,
8.3 Slow circulation of a stratified, dissipative fluid 553,
8.4 The theory of frontogenesis 569,
8.5 Equatorial waves 586,
Selected bibliography 605,
Index 619" }
Author = "Pedlosky, Joseph"
Title = "Ocean Circulation Theory"
Publisher = "Springer"
Year = "1996"
Pages = "453"
ISBN = "3-540-60489-8"
LOC = "GC 228.5 P427"
Table of contents:
1. Sverdrup theory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Scaling for Sverdrup theory
1.3 The geostrophic Sverdrup relation
1.4 On the validity of Sverdrup theory
2. Homogeneous models of the ocean circulation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formulation of the homogeneous model
2.3 The vorticity equation in nondimensional form
2.4 Boundary conditions
2.5 The Sverdrup interior
2.6 The western boundary-layer equation
2.7 The linear problem
2.8 The inertial boundary layer
2.9 The nonlinear Munk problem
2.10 Integral conditions
2.11 Integral balances for the boundary layer
2.12 Numerical examples
2.13 Moore's hypothesis
2.14 Inertial runaway
2.15 Discussion
3. Vertical structure: Baroclinic quasi-geostrophic models
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The quasi-geostrophic model
3.3 Special cases of the potential vorticity equation
3.4 Rossby waves
3.5 The quasi-geostrophic circulation problem
3.6 A midocean example
3.7 Determination of the recirculation
3.8 Homogenization of potential vorticity
3.9 Application of the theory to the subtropical gyre
3.10 Quasi-geostrophic model with continuous stratification
3.11 Numerical and observational evidence
4. Theory of the ventilated thermocline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Formulation of the model
4.3 Midocean approximations
4.4 The ventilated thermocline: the two-layer model
4.5 The beta-spiral
4.6 The pool of constant potential vorticity
4.7 The three-layer model
4.8 The subpolar gyre
4.9 Ventilation and homogenization: a unified theory
4.10 Effect of finite mixed layer depth
4.11 Continuous models of the ventilated thermocline
4.12 Observations and numerical methods
5. Buoyancy forced circulation and cross-gyre flow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cross-gyre flow
5.3 Nonadiabatic equations in characteristic form
5.4 The buoyancy- and wind-driven subtropical gyre: analytical solutions
6. Equatorial dynamics of the thermocline: The equatorial undercurrent
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physics of the EUC: preliminaries
6.3 An inertial theory of the equatorial undercurrent
6.4 The nondissipative model
6.5 Role of the shadow zone in the undercurrent structure
6.6 Effect of entrainment
6.7 Numerical models
7. Abyssal circulation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Stommel, Arons, and Faller experiment
7.3 Stommel-Arons theory: abyssal flow on the sphere
7.4 Dipole circulation associated with isolated sources
7.5 Effect of ridges and gaps
7.6 Establishment of the abyssal circulation
7.7 Vertical structure of the abyssal circulation
Author = "Peixoto, Jose and Abraham H. Oort"
1. Introduction 1,
1.1 Scope and background 1,
1.2 Layout of the book 4,
2. Nature of the problem 8,
2.1 Introduction 8,
2.2 Basic concepts of thermodynamic systems 9,
2.3 Components of the climate system 13,
2.4 The climate system 18,
2.5 Feedback processes in the climate system 26,
3. Basic equations for the atmosphere and oceans 32,
3.1 Equation of continuity 32,
3.2 Equations of motion 34,
3.3 Vorticity equation 42,
3.4 Thermodynamic energy equation and some applications 46,
3.5 Equation of state 51,
3.6 Equation of water vapor 58,
3.7 Summary of the basic equations in Lagrangian and
Eulerian form 58,
4. Various decompositions of the circulation 61,
4.1 Transient and stationary eddies 61,
4.2 Spectral analysis of meteorological fields 65,
4.3 Empirical orthogonal function analysis 67,
5. The data 70,
5.1 Observational networks 70,
5.2 Data processing techniques 81,
5.3 Objective analysis methods 84,
5.4 Other atmospheric data sets 88,
6. Radiation balance 91,
6.1 Introduction 91,
6.2 Physical radiation laws 95,
6.3 Solar radiation 98,
6.4 Terrestrial radiation 104,
6.5 Radiative transfer 110,
6.6 Radiation balance of the atmosphere 114,
6.7 Radiation balance at the earth's surface 116,
6.8 Observed radiation balance 117,
7. Observed mean state of the atmosphere 131,
7.1 Atmospheric mass and pressure 131,
7.2 Mean temperature structure of the atmosphere 137,
7.3 Mean geopotential height structure of the atmosphere 144,
7.4 Mean atmospheric circulation 149,
7.5 Mean kinetic energy in the atmosphere 162,
7.6 Precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and cloudiness 165,
8. Observed mean state of the oceans 176,
8.1 Mean temperature structure of the oceans 176,
8.2 Mean salinity structure of the oceans 187,
8.3 Mean density structure of the oceans 190,
8.4 Mean ocean circulation 196,
8.5 Surface kinetic energy of the oceans 206,
9. Observed mean state of the cryosphere 207,
9.1 Role of the cryosphere in the climate 207,
9.2 General features of the cryosphere 210,
9.3 Ice sheets and glaciers 211,
9.4 Sea ice 212,
9.5 Snow 214,
9.6 Permafrost 315,
10. Exchange processes between the Earth's surface and the
atmosphere 216,
10.1 Introduction 216,
10.2 Energy budget at the surface 217,
10.3 Development of the planetary boundary layer 222,
10.4 Exchange of momentum 226,
10.5 Transfer of mechanical energy into the oceans 231,
10.6 Exchange of sensible heat 232,
10.7 Exchange of water vapor, evaporation 233,
10.8 Formation of atmospheric aerosol 240,
11. Angular momentum cycle 241,
11.1 Balance equations for angular momentum 241,
11.2 Observed cycle of angular momentum 255,
12. Water cycle 270,
12.1 Formulation of the hydrological cycle 270,
12.2 Equations of hydrology 273,
12.3 Observed atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle 278,
12.4 Synthesis of the water balance 297,
12.5 Hydrology of the polar regions 302,
13. Energetics 308,
13.1 Basic forms of energy 308,
13.2 Energy balance equations 310,
13.3 Observed energy balance 319,
13.4 Energetics of the polar regions 353,
14. The ocean--atmosphere heat engine 365,
14.1 Availability of energy in the atmosphere 365,
14.2 Availability of energy in the ocean 370,
14.3 Balance equations for kinetic and available potential
energy 373,
14.4 Observed energy cycle in the atmosphere 379,
14.5 Maintenance and forcing of the zonal--mean state of
the atmosphere 385,
14.6 Observed energy cycle in the oceans 393,
15. Entropy in the climate system 401,
15.1 Introduction 401,
15.2 Balance equation of entropy 403,
15.3 Observed entropy budget of the atmosphere 407,
16. Interannual and interdecadal variability in the
climate system 412,
16.1 Introduction 412,
16.2 Quasibiennial oscillation 413,
16.3 ENSO phenomenon 415,
16.4 Regional teleconnections 426,
16.5 Interdecadal fluctuations and trends 433,
16.6 Somme special climate phenomena 444,
17. Mathematical simulation of climate 450,
17.1 Introduction 450,
17.2 Mathematical and physical structure of climate models 451,
17.3 Hierarchy of climate models 463,
17.4 General circulation models 464,
17.5 Statistical dynamical models 467,
17.6 Uses and applications of models 473,
Appendix A: Analysis in terms of Fourier components 481,
Appendix B: Analsyis in terms of Empirical Orthogonal
Functions (EOFs) 492,
References 497,
Name index 509,
Subject index 513" }
Author = "Philander, S. George"
Title = "El Nino, La Nina, and the Southern Oscillation"
Publisher = "Academic Press, N.Y."
Year = "1990"
Pages = "289"
LOC = "GC 296.8 E4 P48"
ISBN = "0-12-553235-0"
Table of contents:
Introduction 1,
1. The Southern Oscillation: Variability of the
tropical atmosphere,
1.1 Introduction 9,
1.2 The seasonal cycle 13,
1.3 Interannual variability 23,
1.4 A "composite" El Nino 35,
1.5 El Nino of 1982-1983 38,
1.6 Interannual variability in the Atlantic sector 42,
1.7 Teleconnections 48,
1.8 Intraseasonal fluctuations 51,
2. Oceanic variability in the tropics,
2.1 Introduction 58,
2.2 Mean conditions 61,
2.3 The seasonal cycle 74,
2.4 Interannual variability 78,
2.5 The Atlantic Ocean 86,
2.6 The Indian Ocean 93,
2.7 Instabilities 95,
2.8 Mixing processes 99,
3. Oceanic adjustment: I,
3.1 Introduction 103,
3.2 The shallow-water model 106,
3.3 The equatorial jet 108,
3.4 Waves 111,
3.5 Generation of Sverdrup flow 132,
3.6 Equatorial adjustment 136,
3.7 Response to remote forcing 141,
3.8 The effects of dissipation 146,
3.9 The effects of mean currents 148,
3.10 Instabilities 152,
3.11 Discussion 154,
4. Oceanic adjustment: II,
4.1 Introduction 158,
4.2 The continuously stratified model 160,
4.3 Vertically standing modes 162,
4.4 Vertically propagating waves 167,
4.5 Equatorial surface jets 173,
4.6 The equatorial undercurrent 177,
4.7 Response to time-dependent forcing 183,
4.8 The response to cross-equatorial winds 188,
4.9 General circulation models of the ocean 203,
5. Models of the tropical atmosophere,
5.1 Introduction 210,
5.2 Waves 212,
5.3 The response to steady heating 214,
5.4 Convection in the tropics 217,
5.5 The atmospheric response to sea surface temperature
variations 220,
5.6 General circulation models of the atmosphere 224,
6. Interactions between the ocean and atmosphere
6.1 Introduction 230,
6.2 Unstable interactions 235,
6.3 The irregularity of the Southern Oscillation 246,
6.4 Statistical predictions 250,
6.5 Dynamical predictions 252,
Bibliography 257,
Index 285" }
Author = "Phillips, O. M."
Title = "The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean"
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press, New York"
Year = "1977"
Pages = "336"
LOC = "GC 211.2 P48 1977"
ISBN = "0-521-21421-1"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction 1,
1.1 The ocean environment 1,
1.2 The development of the subject 3,
2. The equations of motion 7,
2.1 Specification of the motion 7,
2.2 The equations of motion 8,
2.3 The mechanical energy equation 14,
2.4 The Boussinesq approximation 15,
2.5 The Reynolds stresses 20,
2.6 The kinematics of wave trains 23,
2.7 The dynamics of wave trains in moving media 26,
2.8 Wave-wave interactions 27,
3. The dynamics of surface waves 33,
3.1 The governing equations 33,
3.2 Infinitesimal waves 37,
3.3 Particle motions in irrotational flow 43,
3.4 The influence of molecular viscosity 45,
3.5 Wave refraction 59,
3.6 The dynamical conservation equations 60,
3.7 Some applications 70,
3.8 Surface wave interactions 81,
3.9 Wave breaking 91,
4. Ocean surface waves 99,
4.1 The specification of a wave field 99,
4.2 The generation of waves by wind 107,
4.3 The coupling between wind and waves 117,
4.4 Wave interactions 135,
4.5 The saturation range 140,
4.6 The development of the spectrum 159,
4.7 Ripples and short gravity waves 171,
4.8 Wave propagation 179,
4.9 The probability structure of the surface 183,
4.10 The air flow over the sea 189,
5. Internal waves 199,
5.1 Introduction 199,
5.2 Infinitesimal waves 206,
5.3 The lowest internal mode 211,
5.4 The degradation of the lowest internal mode 217,
5.5 Small scale internal waves 224,
5.6 Oceanic propagation of internal waves 232,
5.7 Low frequency oscillations 239,
5.8 Internal wave spectra with general mode structure 245,
5.9 The generation of internal waves 252,
6. Oceanic turbulence 256,
6.1 The occurrence of turbulence 256,
6.2 The energy equation for the turbulence 258,
6.3 The spectrum of turbulence 260,
6.4 Local similarity theory 263,
6.5 The spectra of temperature and salinity fluctuations 274,
6.6 Turbulence in the surface layer 281,
6.7 Thermocline erosion 295,
Bibliography 309,
Index 329 " }
Editor = "Pierson, Willard J. Jr. and Gerhard Neumann and
Richard W. James"
Title = "Practical Methods for Observing and Forecasting Ocean
Waves by Means of Wave Spectra and Statistics"
Publisher = "United States Naval Hydrographic Office"
Year = "1960"
Pages = "284"
LOC = "GC 211 P518 1955"
Table of contents:
1. The properties of ocean waves 1,
Sea and swell 1,
Wave amplitudes and heights 6,
Wave periods and wave lengths 17,
Why a sea is different from a swell 22,
The structure of the waves 23,
A summary of the properties of sea 25,
A summary of the properties of swell 26,
The in-between state 27,
Forecasting 27,
2. The generation and forecasting of sea waves 29,
Introduction 29,
The growth of waves 31,
The spectrum of wind-generated ocean waves 32,
Co-cumulative spectra 37,
Description of the wind-generated sea in the fully developed
state 41,
Forecast example for a fully arisen sea at a given wind speed 50,
The non-fully developed state of the sea 50,
Distorted co-cumulative spectra curves 65,
3. Wave propagation and forecasting swell waves - simple models 73,
Introduction 73,
A forecast for a very large sum of very low sine waves 80,
A wave-forecasting filter (filter I) 87,
Other filters 89,
The use of the filters to forecast the waves at the
point of observation 92,
Waves from several storms 96,
Additional forecasting considerations 99,
Forecasting diagrams for dispersion and angular spreading 99,
Some sample forecasts 109,
A slightly more complicated case 124,
The use of the distorted co-cumulative spectra curves 127,
Moving fetches 127,
How sea changes into swell 135,
The "period" increase of ocean swell 135,
Effects of viscosity 136,
4. Wave observation techniques 139,
Introduction 139,
General observations 141,
The observation of the "periods" 142,
The observation of wave heights 144,
Procedures for measuring the "wave lengths" 154,
The measurement of wave "speeds" 160,
Check list of visual wave properties 161,
Conclusion 162,
5. Synoptic forecasting methods and weather map analysis 163,
Introduction 163,
Wind field, actual and required 163,
Ways to locate the fetch 165,
Accurate determination of the wind velocity 168,
The accurate determination of duration 170,
A summary chart helps determine the wind field 175,
"Sea" and "swell" forecasts 175,
Synoptic wave charts 176,
Revising the forecast 178,
Wave forecasting check list 180,
6. Wave refraction 181,
Introduction 181,
The refraction of one sine wave 182,
The refraction of two sine waves 184,
The refraction of actual ocean waves 186,
Computation of refraction effects 195,
The construction of refraction diagrams for a simple sine wave 198,
The determination of K and Theta 205,
The refraction of a particular spectrum 212,
An example of the refraction of a wave spectrum 214,
Bottom friction and percolation 220,
Final comments on refraction theory 221,
7. Operational applications of forecasting methods 223,
Introduction 223,
Ship motions 225,
Factors affecting the speed of ships 229,
General operational problems 237,
Landing and takeoff conditions for seaplanes 243,
New seaplane designs 258,
Conclusion 258,
8. Verification by forecasts and observations 259,
Introduction 259,
Forecasting waves in a generating area 260,
Forecasting waves in a generating area after the winds stop 263,
The propagation of waves outside of the fetch 267,
Filter II forecasts 270,
A test of the forecasting methods 270,
"Period" range and average "period" verification 274,
Conclusions 279,
Bibliography 281,
Figure and photograph credits 285
Editor = "Platt, T., K. H. Mann and R. E. Ulanowicz"
Introduction 9,
Guide to the contents 11,
1. State of the art 13,
1.1 The classes of models in biological oceanography 13,
1.2 Process models 19,
1.3 Coupled process models 26,
1.4 Working with models 37,
2. New explorations of ecosystem properties: a holistic view 51,
2.1 Network analyses 51,
2.2 Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics 65,
3. Implications for design of research programmes 92,
3.1 Physiological rates and ecological fluxes 92,
3.2 Thinking in terms of scale: introduction to
dimensional analysis 112,
3.3 Physical transports 121,
3.4 Statistical design of field programmes 124,
3.5 Ecosystems under stress 133,
4. General conclusions 138,
References 141,
Recommended mathematics readings 157" }
Author = "Pond, Stephen, and George L. Pickard"
Title = "Introductory Dynamic Oceanography"
Publisher = "Pergamon Press"
Year = "1978"
Pages = "241"
LOC = "QA 201"
ISBN = "0-08-021614-5 (0-08-021615-3 pbk.)"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction 1,
2. Properties of sea water relevant to physical oceanography 4,
3. The basic physical laws used in oceanography and classifications
of forces and motions in the sea 12,
4. The equation of continuity of volume 15,
5. Stability and double diffusion 23,
6. The equation of motion in oceangraphy 31,
7. The role of the non--linear terms in the equations of motion 39,
8. Currents without friction: Geostrophic flow 55,
9. Currents with friction 81,
10. Thermohaline effects 134,
11. Numerical models 144,
12. Waves 168,
13. Tides 196,
14. Some presently active and future work 210,
App. I - Mathematical review with some elementary fluid
mechanics 214,
App. II - Units used in physical oceanography 226,
References 230,
Index 235" }
Author = "Priesendorfer, Rudolph W."
Title = "Principal Component Analysis in Meteorology and Oceanography"
Publisher = "Elsevier, N.Y."
Year = "1988"
Pages = "425"
ISBN = "0-444-43014-8"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction 1,
a. An overview of PCA,
b. Outline of the book,
c. A brief history of PCA,
d. Acknowledgments,
2. Algebraic foundations of PCA 11,
a. Introductory example: bivariate data sets 12,
b. PCA: real-valued scalar fields 25,
c. PCA: complex-valued scalar fields 44,
d. Bibliographic notes and miscellaneous topics 61,
3. Dynamical origins of PCA 89,
a. One-dimensional harmonic motion 89,
b. Two-dimensional wave motion 111,
c. Dynamical origins of linear regression (LR) 117,
d. Random processes and Karhunen-Loeve analysis 120,
e. Stationary processes and PCA 123,
f. Bibliographic notes 156,
4. Extensions of PCA to multivariate fields 159,
a. Categories of data and modes of analysis 159,
b. Local PCA of a general vector field 162,
c. Global PCA of a general vector field: time-modulation
form 167,
d. Global PCA of a general vector field: space-modulation
form 173,
e. PCA of spectral components of a general vector field 178,
f. Bibliographic notes and miscellaneous topics 182,
5. Selection rules for PCA 192,
a. Random reference data sets 193,
b. Dynamical origins of the dominant-variance selection
rules 195,
c. Rule A4 197,
d. Rule N 199,
e. Rule M 205,
f. Comments on dominant-variance rules 207,
g. Dynamical origins of the time-history selection rules 207,
h. Rule KS2 208,
i. Rules AMP-lambda 211,
j. Rule Q 214,
k. Selection rules for vector-valued fields 215,
l. A space-map selection rule 219,
m. Bibliographic notes and miscellaneous topics 234,
6. Factor analysis (FA) and PCA 253,
a. Comparison of PCA, LRA and FA 253,
b. The central problems of FA 257,
c. Bibliographic notes 260,
7. Diagnostic procedures via PCA and FA 265,
a. Dual interpretation of a data set: state space and
sample space 265,
b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA state space 267,
c. Informative and uninformative E-frames in PCA state
space 271,
d. Rotating E-frames in PCA state space (varimax) 273,
e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA state space
(procrustes) 278,
f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA sample space 282,
g. Rotating A-frames in PCA sample space (varimax) 282,
h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA sample space
(procrustes) 284,
i. Detecting clusters of points in PCA state or
sample spaces 285,
j. The analagous PCA interpretations and transformations
in FA 288,
k. Bibliographic notes 289,
8. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and PCA 293,
a. The singular value decomposition (SVD) of two data sets 294,
b. The correlation probe 295,
c. Maximizing the correlation function alpha(r,s) 297,
d. Canonical correlations 300,
e. Canonical component representations of data sets 304,
f. Selection rules for CCA 309,
g. Bibliographic notes 315,
9. Linear regression analysis (LRA) and PCA 322,
a. Basic regression equations 322,
b. Regression using PCA frames 325,
c. Regression using CCA frames 327,
d. Regression hindcast skill 334,
e. Regression signal-to-noise ratio 340,
f. Significant hindcast skill 344,
g. Bibliographic notes 350,
10. Statistical-dynamical models and PCA 352,
a. Example 1: A linear two-dimensional damped-wave model 352,
b. Example 2: Linearized primitive equations for the
atmosphere and oceans 357,
c. Bibliographic notes 362,
11. The eigenvector-partition problem 365,
a. PCA on partitioned domains 365,
b. Iterative improvement of the optimal combinations 369,
c. Generalizations of th eigenvector-partition problem 371,
d. Bibliographic notes 371,
12. Complex harmonic PCA (CH-PCA) of random multivariate
fields 373,
a. Elementary moving-pattern analysis via real harmonic
analysis (RHA) 374,
b. Single data set; RHA first, PCA second: standing waves 375,
c. Essentials of complex harmonic analysis (CHA) 376,
d. Single data set; PCA first, CHA second: standing waves 379,
e. Single data set; CHA first, PCA second: traveling
waves 380,
f. CH-PCA of an ensemble of data sets 385,
g. Traveling-wave analysis by CH-PCA of random
multivariate fields 388,
h. Selection rules for CH-PCA 390,
i. Return to the time domain in CH-PCA 393,
j. Bibliogrpahic notes 399,
References 402,
Index 419" }
Author = "Proudman, J."
Title = "Dynamical Oceanography"
Publisher = "John Wiley and Sons"
Year = "1953"
Pages = "409"
Table of contents:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Gravity and the rotation of the earth
\item Continuity and acceleration
\item Pressure
\item Gradient-currents
\item Stationary accelerated currents
\item Turbulence
\item Mixing of sea-water
\item Internal friction in parallel currents
\item Internal friction and geostrophic effects
\item Thermodynamics of the ocean
\item Seiches in lakes and tides in gulfs and channels
\item Long progressive waves
\item Response to tide-generating forces and to varying
atmospheric pressure
\item Frictional effects on tides and seiches
\item Internal seiches, tides and waves
\item Waves of short period
\end{enumerate}" }
Author = "Pugh, David T."
Title = "Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level"
Publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons"
Year = "1987"
Pages = "467"
ISBN = "0-471-91505-X"
LOC = "GC 301.2 P84"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction
1.1 Early ideas and observations
1.2 Tidal patterns
1.3 Meteorological and other non-tidal disturbances
1.4 Some definitions of common terms
1.5 Basic statistics of tides as time series
2. Observations and data reduction
2.1 The science of measurement
2.2 Sea levels, bottom pressures
2.2.1 Tide poles
2.2.2 Stilling-well gauges
2.2.3 Pressure measuring systems
2.2.4 Reflection-time gauges
2.2.5 Open-sea pressure gauges
2.2.6 Satellite altimetry
2.3 Current measurements
2.3.1 Drifters and dyes
2.3.2 Rotor current meters
2.3.3 Acoustic travel-time meters
2.3.4 Electromagnetic methods
2.3.5 Remote sensing of currents
2.4 Data reduction
3. Forces
3.1 Gravitational attraction
3.2 The tidal forces--a fuller development
3.2.1 Potential fields
3.2.2 The equilibrium tide
3.2.3 The yielding earth
3.3 The moon-earth-sun system
3.3.1 Elliptical motion, satellites
3.3.2 The earth-sun system
3.3.3 The moon-earth system
3.3.4 Basic astronomical frequencies
3.4 Tidal patterns
3.4.1 Diurnal tides
3.4.2 Spring-neap tides
3.4.3 Extreme tidal forces
3.5 The geoid
3.6 The hydrostatic approximation
3.7 Conservation of mass
3.8 The horizontal momentum equations
4. Analysis and prediction
4.1 Non-harmonic methods
4.2 Harmonic analysis
4.2.1 Expansion of the equilibrium tide
4.2.2 Nodal factors
4.2.3 Shallow-water terms
4.2.4 Least-squares fitting procedures
4.2.5 Choice of constituents; related constituents
4.2.6 Harmonic equivalents of some non-harmonic terms
4.2.7 Analysis of altimeter data
4.3 Response analysis techniques
4.3.1 The credo of smoothness
4.3.2 Analysis procedures
4.3.3 Non-gravitational inputs
4.3.4 Comparisons of harmonic and response analysis
4.4 Analysis of currents
4.4.1 Non-harmonic methods for currents
4.4.2 Cartesian components; ellipses
4.4.3 Rotary current components
4.5 Time zone conversion
4.6 Accuracy of tidal parameters
4.7 Tidal predictions
4.7.1 Reference or Standard stations
4.7.2 Secondary or Subordinate stations
4.7.3 Historical aspects
5. Tidal dynamics
5.1 The real world
5.2 Long-wave characteristics
5.2.1 Wave progagation in a non-rotating system
5.2.2 Standing waves, resonance
5.2.3 Waves on a rotating earth
5.3 Ocean tides
5.3.1 Towards tidal charts
5.3.2 General features
5.3.3 Tides in enclosed seas
5.4 Shelf tides
5.4.1 Transition from the ocean to the shelf
5.4.2 Some examples of shelf tides
5.4.3 Shelf tidal currents
5.5 Radiational tides
5.6 Internal tides
6. Storm surges
6.1 Weather effects
6.2 Statistics of meteorological residuals
6.3 Responses to atmospheric pressure
6.4 Responses to wind stress
6.4.1 Stress laws
6.4.2 Wind set-up
6.4.3 Current profiles
6.4.4 Ekman transport
6.4.5 Alongshore winds
6.4.6 Inertial currents
6.5 Numerical modeling of surges
6.6 Some regional examples of surge development
6.7 Seiches
6.8 Tsunamis
6.9 Wave set-up; surf beat
6.10 Flood warning systems
7. Shallow-water dynamics
7.1 Introduction--observations
7.2 Higher harmonics
7.3 Hydrodynamic processes
7.3.1 Non-linear interactions
7.3.2 Effects of bottom friction
7.3.3 Finite water depth
7.3.4 Flow curvature
7.4 Bottom friction effects on current profiles
7.5 Currents in channels
7.6 Residual tidal currents
7.7 Tides in rivers, bores
7.8 Tide-surge interaction
7.9 Energy budgets
7.9.1 Local dissipation
7.9.2 Regional energy losses
7.9.3 Global dissipation
7.9.4 Astronomical energy sources
8. Tidal engineering
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Normal operating conditions
8.3 Extreme conditions
8.3.1 Regional factors
8.3.2 Analysis of annual extreme values
8.3.3 Joint tide-surge probability estimates
8.3.4 Modelling from extreme winds
8.3.5 Extreme currents
8.4 Wind, waves, currents and levels
8.5 Coastal engineering
8.6 Offshore engineering
8.7 Power generation
9. Mean sea-level
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Determination of mean sea-level
9.3 Datum determination and stability
9.4 Analysis of monthly mean sea-levels
9.5 Changes of mean sea-level with time
9.5.1 Seasonal and other periodic changes
9.5.2 Meteorological effects
9.5.3 Secular trends and eustatic changes
9.6 Changes of mean sea-level in space
9.7 Mean sea-level, surveying and the geoid
10. Geological processes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Laws of sediment movement
10.3 Coastal processes
10.3.1 Two-dimensional beach profiles
10.3.2 Three-dimensional dynamics
10.3.3 Sediment control; engineering
10.4 Offshore tidal sediments
10.4.1 Sediment deposits and fluxes
10.4.2 Bed-forms
10.4.3 Mining, renewal, licensing
10.5 Tides past
10.6 Mean sea-level: the geological record
10.7 Isostatic adjustment and geoid changes
10.8 Earthquakes and local crustal movements
11. Biology: some tidal influences
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Tidal rhythms and statistics
11.3 Shore processes
11.3.1 Zonation on rocky shores
11.3.2 Zonation on sedimentary shores
11.4 Offshore processes
11.4.1 Selective tidal stream transport
11.4.2 Tidal-mixing fronts
11.4.3 Internal tides
11.5 Long-term changes
11.6 Tidal and lunar rhythms in plants and animals
11.7 Responses to increasing sea levels
App. 1 - Filters for tidal time series
App. 2 - Response analysis inputs and theory
App. 3 - Analysis of currents
App. 4 - Theoretical tidal dynamics
App. 5 - Legal definitions in the coastal zone
References
Glossary
Index
S. Baum
Dept. of Oceanography
Texas A&M University
baum@astra.tamu.edu