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Author = "Eckart, Carl"
Title = "Hydrodynamics of Oceans and Atmospheres"
Publisher = "Pergamon Press, New York"
Year = "1960"
Pages = "290"
Table of contents:
I. The basic equations 1,
1. Introduction 1,
2. Thermodynamics 2,
3. The thermodynamic functions of an ideal gas 4,
4. The thermodynamic coefficients for water 5,
5. Hydrodynamics 8,
II. The perturbation equations 12,
6. Introduction 12,
7. The zero-order solution 12,
8. Zero-order states of an ideal gas 15,
9. The first-order equations 17,
10. The additive barotropic terms 19,
11. Boundary conditions 20,
III. Steady motions 22,
12. Introduction 22,
13. Free steady motion, no rotation 28,
14. Second-order instability; the secular equation 31,
15. Free steady motion with rotation 34,
16. Pure convection,no rotation 37,
17. Pure convection, with rotation 43,
18. Hadley's hypothesis of zonal heating 45,
19. Analysis of the Earth's permanent pressure field 48,
IV. The field equations 52,
20. Introduction 52,
21. The external and thermobaric energies 53,
22. The field variables 55,
23. The field equations 56,
24. Significance of the coefficients N and ? 57,
25. Special formulae for the coefficients 61,
V. The Earth's atmosphere, oceans and lakes 64,
26. Introduction 64,
27. The stratification of the oceans 65,
28. The stratification of freshwater lakes 69,
29. The stratification of the Earth's atmosphere 71,
30. Planetary rotation and cyclogenesis 75,
31. First-order cyclogenesis 79,
VI. General theorems concerning the field equations 83,
32. Introduction 83,
33. The eigensolutions 84,
34. The expansion theorem 85,
VII. Formulation of the major mathematical problems 89,
35. Introduction 89,
36. The case of no rotation 91,
37. Rotation with plane level surfaces 94,
38. Rotation with spherical level surfaces 99,
39. Complex vectors and the Hodograph 101,
VIII. The isothermal atmosphere: plane level surfaces
without rotation 104,
40. Introduction 104,
41. Lamb's waves 105,
42. Other eigensolutions; simple waves 106,
43. The propagation surface; phase velocity 109,
44. Rays and group velocity 111,
45. The pressure-entropy impedance 114,
46. The flow and partition of energy in simple waves 115,
47. The eigensolutions 117,
48. The gravity waves and the fluctuating wind 120,
IX. The isothermal atmosphere: plane level surfaces
with rotation 122,
49. Vertical axis of rotation 122,
50. Lamb's waves 123,
51. Simple waves and eigensolutions 125,
52. Sub-critical stability 129,
53. Inclined axis of rotation 130,
X. Oceans with constant coefficients 136,
54. Introduction 136,
55. Theory of an homogeneous compressible ocean 138,
56. Theory of a stratified but incompressible ocean 143,
57. The general case 146,
58. A simple approximation for the internal gravity modes 149,
59. The modes of a rectangular tank 150,
60. Other lateral boundaries 152,
XI. General theory of rays 154,
61. Introduction 154,
62. The Hamilton-Jacobi equation 155,
63. Plane level surfaces: Vertical axis 156,
64. The rays and group velocity 158,
65. Spherical level surfaces: no rotation 163,
66. Spherical level surfaces with rotation: traditional
approximation 167,
XII. The thermocline 174,
67. Formulation of the problem 174,
68. Preliminary discussion of the rays 175,
69. The sound waves of area II 178,
70. The gravity waves of area III 180,
71. The waves of areas IV and V 181,
72. The residual equations 183,
73. Analytic solution of the residual equations 191,
74. Further application of the W-K-B approximation 193,
75. The two-layer model 197,
XIII. The thermosphere 199,
76. Introduction 199,
77. The case of no rotation 201,
78. Vertical axis of rotation 206,
79. Solution of the residual equations 208,
80. The W-K-B approximation 211,
XIV. General theory of the residual equations 214,
81. Introduction 214,
82. Canonic form of the residual equations 215,
83. General theorems concerning the phase paths 217,
84. Sturm's comparison theorem 223,
85. The W-K-B approximation 226,
XV. Applications of the general theory 228,
86. The thermosphere 228,
87. The modal curves and the comparison theorem 235,
88. An atmosphere with a single temperature minimum 237,
89. The modal equation for an ocean of constant depth 242,
XVI. The wave equation for a spherical surface 245,
90. Introduction 245,
91. The Legendre functions 246,
92. Segmental ocean 252,
17. Spherical level surfaces with rotation 256,
93. Introduction 256,
94. The first-order tidal equations 256,
95. The zonal oscillations 258,
96. The solutions near the poles 263,
97. The tidal equations in canonic form 265,
98. The high-frequency limit 271,
99. The semi-diurnal oscillations 273,
100. Oscillations of the second kind, and the 'long waves' 275,
Appendix: Mercator coordinates 280,
Index 285 " }
Author = "Emery, K. O. and Elazar Uchupi"
Title = "Western North Atlantic Ocean: Topography,
Rocks, Structure, Water, Life, and Sediments"
Publisher = "American Association of Petroleum
Geologists"
Year = "1972"
LOC = "72-89134"
Note = "AAPG Memoir 17"
Table of contents:{BR>
1. Exploration
2. Physiography
2.1 Historical development
2.2 General outline
2.3 Laurentian Upland, Central Lowlands, and Interior Highlands
2.4 Appalachian Highlands
2.5 New England-Canadian maritime province
2.6 Coastal plains
2.7 Coastal-plain terraces
2.8 Shorelines
2.9 Continental shelf
2.10 Continental slopes
2.11 New England seamount chain and other seamounts
2.12 Continental rises
2.13 Abyssal plains
2.14 Abyssal hills
2.15 Mid-Atlantic ridge
3. Rocks
3.1 Sources of samples and information
3.2 Basement rocks
3.3 Mesozoic sedimentary strata
3.4 Tertiary sedimentary strata
3.5 Pleistocene deposits
3.6 Phosphorite and manganese oxide
3.7 Synthesis and paleogeography
4. Structure
4.1 Early applications of geophysics to the ocean
4.2 Crustal structure inferred from seismic refraction and petrology
4.3 Seismicity
4.4 Heat flow
4.5 Magnetics
4.6 Gravity
4.7 Sedimentary framework inferred largely from seismic
reflection profiles
5. Water
5.1 Development of knowledge
5.2 Tides
5.3 Tidal currents
5.4 Sea level
5.5 Waves
5.6 Surface water
5.7 Subsurface water
6. Life
6.1 Development of knowledge in the region
6.2 Primary productivity
6.3 Particulate and dissolved organic matter
6.4 Nutrient salts
6.5 Zooplankton
6.6 Neritic-demersal nekton
6.7 Neritic-epipelagic nekton
6.8 Mesopelagic nekton
6.9 Bathypelagic and abyssopelagic nekton
6.10 Benthic biology
6.11 Relation to world oceans
7. Sediments
7.1 Development of sedimentology in the region
7.2 Sources of sediments
7.3 Shallow-water sediments
7.4 Shelf sediments
7.5 Sediments of Blake Plateau
7.6 Sediments of Straits of Florida and Bahama Troughs
7.7 Continental slope sediments
7.8 Sediments in submarine canyons
7.9 Sediments of Gulf of Mexico
7.10 Continental rise
7.11 Abyssal plains
7.12 Seamounts, Bermuda rise, and abyssal hills
7.13 Mid-Atlantic Ridge sediments
7.14 Interstitial water
7.15 Mass physical properties
7.16 Quaternary climates
7.17 Thickness of Quaternary sediments
7.18 Sediment volumes and rates of deposition
8. Origin of continental margin
8.1 Tectonic setting of North America
8.2 Tectonic concepts
8.3 Evolution of continental margin
Author = "Emery, William J. and Richard E. Thomson"
Title = "Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography"
Publisher = "Pergamon"
Year = "1998"
LOC = "GC57 E46"
ISBN = "0-08-0314341"
Table of contents:{BR>
1. Data acquisition and recording
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic sampling
1.2.1 Sampling interval
1.2.2 Sampling duration
1.2.3 Sampling accuracy
1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling
1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data
1.2.6 Independent realizations
1.3 Temperature
1.3.1 Mercury thermometers
1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT)
1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT)
1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers
1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors
1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems
1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers
1.3.8 Sea surface temperature
1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer
1.3.10 Potential temperature and density
1.4 Salinity
1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity
1.4.2 The practical salinity scale
1.4.3 Nonconductive methods
1.5 Depth or pressure
1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure
1.5.2 Free-fall velocity
1.5.3 Echo sounding
1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods
1.6 Sea-level measurement
1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges
1.6.2 Satellite altimetry
1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES)
1.6.4 Wave height and direction
1.7 Eulerian currents
1.7.1 Early current meter technology
1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters
1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters
1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM)
1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters
1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods
1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement
1.7.8 Mooring logistics
1.7.9 Acoustic releases
1.8 Langrangian current measurements
1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles
1.8.2 Modern drifters
1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data
1.8.4 Drifter response
1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters
1.8.6 Subsurface floats
1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery
1.9 Wind
1.10 Precipitation
1.11 Chemical tracers
1.11.1 Conventional tracers
1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering
1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: delta 18 O
1.11.4 Helium-3: helium/heat ratio
1.12 Transient chemical tracers
1.12.1 Tritium
1.12.2 Radiocarbon
1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons
1.12.4 Radon-222
1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride
1.12.6 Strontium-90
2. Data processing and presentation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Calibration
2.3 Interpolation
2.4 Data presentation
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Vertical profiles
2.4.3 Vertical sections
2.4.4 Horizontal maps
2.4.5 Map projections
2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams
2.4.7 Time-series presentation
2.4.8 Histograms
2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation
3. Statistical methods and error handling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample distributions
3.3 Probability
3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions
3.4 Moments and expected values
3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments
3.4.2 Moment generating functions
3.5 Common probability density functions
3.6 Central limit theorem
3.7 Estimation
3.8 Confidence intervals
3.8.1 Confidence interval for mu (sigma known)
3.8.2 Confidence interval for mu (sigma unknown)
3.8.3 Confidence interval for sigma squared
3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test
3.9 Selecting the sample size
3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates
3.11 Estimation methods
3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation
3.11.2 Method of moments
3.11.3 Maximum likelihood
3.12 Linear estimation (regression)
3.12.1 Method of least squares
3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate
3.12.3 Multivariate regression
3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression
3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares
3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood
3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation
3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation
3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator
3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect
3.14 Hypothesis testing
3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation
3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution
3.15 Effective degrees of freedom
3.15.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale
3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors
3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors
3.16.2 Propagation of error
3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff
3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem
3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps
3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data
3.17.2 Interpolation methods
3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples
3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix
3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions
3.18.2 A computational example
3.18.3 Multivariate distributions
3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods
3.19.1 Bootstrap method
3.19.2 Jackknife method
4. The spatial analyses of data fields
4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging
4.2 Objective analysis
4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples
4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions
4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot)
4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method
4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition
4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge
4.3.5 Interpretation of EOFs
4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis
4.4 Normal mode analysis
4.4.1 Vertical normal modes
4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency
4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waes (CTWs)
4.5 Inverse methods
4.5.1 General inverse theory
4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents
4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem
4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods
5. Time-series analysis methods
5.1 Basic concepts
5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity
5.3 Correlation functions
5.4 Fourier analysis
5.4.1 Mathematical formulation
5.4.2 Discrete time series
5.4.3 A computational example
5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies
5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform
5.5 Harmonic analysis
5.5.1 A least-squares method
5.5.2 A computational example
5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides
5.5.4 Choice of constituents
5.5.5 A computational example for tides
5.5.6 Complex demodulation
5.6 Spectral analysis
5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes
5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series
5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods
5.6.4 Spectra of vector series
5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates
5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing)
5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain
5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra
5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening
5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series
5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system
5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach
5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods)
5.7.1 Some basic concepts
5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation
5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation
5.8 Cross-spectral analysis
5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions
5.8.2 Cross-covariance method
5.8.3 Fourier transform method
5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions
5.8.5 Coincident and quadrature spectra
5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency)
5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system
5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis
5.9 Wavelet analysis
5.9.1 The wavelet transform
5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms
5.9.3 Oceanographic examples
5.9.4 The S-transformation
5.9.5 The multiple filter technique
5.10 Digital filters
5.10.1 Introduction
5.10.2 Basic concepts
5.10.3 Ideal filters
5.10.4 Design of oceanographic filters
5.10.5 Running-mean filters
5.10.6 Godin-type filters
5.10.7 Lanczos-window cosine filters
5.10.8 Butterworth filters
5.10.9 Frequency-domain (transform) filtering
5.11 Fractals
5.11.1 The scaling exponent method
5.11.2 The yardstick method
5.11.3 Box counting method
5.11.4 Correlation dimension
5.11.5 Dimensions of multifractal functions
5.11.6 Predictability
App. A - Units in physical oceanography
App. B - Glossary of statistical terminology
App. C - Means, variances and moment-generating functions for some
common continuous variables
App. D - Statistical tables
App. E - Correlation coefficients at the 5% and 1% levels of significance
for various degrees of freedom v
App. F - Approximations and nondimensional numbers in physical
oceanography
Author = "Emiliani, Cesare"
Title = "The Sea - Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of
the Seas. Vol. 7: The Oceanic Lithosphere"
Publisher = "John Wiley and Sons"
Year = "1981"
LOC = "GC 11 S4 v. 7"
ISBN = "0-471-02870-3"
Table of contents:
I. Upper mantle and crust 19,
1. The oceanic lithosphere - C. G. A. Harrison and
E. Bonatti 21,
2. Upper-mantle geochemistry - R. K. O'Nions, S. R.
Carter, N. M. Evensen, and P. J. Hamilton 49,
3. Mantle convection and the oceanic lithosphere - B.
Parsons and F. M. Richter 73,
4. The plutonic foundation of the oceanic crust - P. J.
Fox and J. B. Stroup 119,
5. Magnetism of the oceanic crust - C. G. A. Harrison 219,
6. Oceanic ultramafic rocks - E. Bonatti and P. R. Hamlyn 241,
7. Metamorphism in oceanic spreading centers - D. Elthon 285,
8. Heterogeneous nature of oceanic crust and upper
mantle: A perspective from the Bay of Islands
ophiolite complex - J. F. Casey, J. F. Dewey, P. J.
Fox, J. A. Karson and E. Rosencrantz 305,
9. Ophiolites: Obducted oceanic lithosphere - I. G. Gass
and J. D. Smewing 339,
10. Basalts from the ocean floor - J. R. Cann 363,
11. Helium-3 and mantle volatiles in the ocean and the
oceanic crust - H. Craig and J. E. Lupton 391,
12. Heavy and radiogenic rare gases trapped in deep-sea
basalts - D. E. Fisher 429,
13. Hotspot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans - W. J. Morgan 443,
14. Oceanic heat flow - R. N. Anderson and J. N. Skilbeck 489,
15. The aging of the oceanic crust at low temperature -
J. Honnorez 525,
16. Ocean floor hydrothermal activity - W. S. Fyfe and
P. Lonsdale 589,
17. Metal deposits in the oceanic lithosphere - E. Bonatti 639,
II. Sediments 687,
18. Oceanic sediments in space and time - E. J. Barron
and J. M. Whitman 689,
19. Extraterrestrial components - D. E. Brownlee 733,
20. River transport to the world ocean - H. D. Holland 763,
21. Eolian transport to the world ocean - J. M. Prospero 801,
22. Authigenic oxides - R. G. Burns and V. M. Burns 875,
23. Authigenic silicates in deep-sea sediments: Formation
and diagenesis - M. Kastner 915,
24. Phosphorites - Y. Kolodny 981,
25. Planktonic foraminifera and their use in
paleoceanography - E. Vincent and W. H. Berger 1025,
26. Radiolaria - H. P. Foreman 1121,
27. Calcareous nannofossils in marine sediments -
S. Gartner 1145,
28. Marine diatoms - H.-J. Schrader and G. Schuette 1179,
29. Deep-sea benthic foraminifera - R. Douglas and
F. Woodruff 1233,
30. Quaternary deep-sea sediments: Accumulation rates
and geochronology - J. K. Osmond 1329,
31. Marine tephrochronology - J. P. Kennett 1373,
32. Paleoceanography: The deep-sea record - W. H. Berger 1437,
33. Stable isotopes in ocean sediments - S. M. Savin
and H.-W. Yeh 1521,
34. Shear strength, consolidation, porosity and
permeability of oceanic sediments - W. R. Bryant,
R. H. Bennett and C. E. Katherman 1555,
35. Global sedimentary mass balance and sea level
changes - J. R. Southam and W. W. Hay 1617,
Conclusion and dedication 1685,
A new global geology - C. Emiliani 1687,
Index 1729 " }
Author = "Ericson, David B. and Goesta Wollin"
Title = "The Deep and the Past"
Publisher = "Alfred A. Knopf"
Year = "1964"
LOC = "64-17698"
Table of contents:
1. The importance of the Pleistocene record
2. Probing the ocean floor
3. Impact of currents on the sediment record
4. Moving ahead toward the complete record of the Ice Ages
5. The coiling of shells shows the way
6. Correlation of the Pleistocene record
7. Deep-sea sedimentation
8. Reaching the Yarmouth Interglacial
9. Discovering the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary
10. Closing the gap
11. The Pleistocene record
12. New time scale for evolution
13. Applying the time scale to Pleistocene cultures and mammalian
succession
14. The causation of the ice ages
15. Glimpses of the remote past
16. Future developments
Author = "Ericson, David B. and Goesta Wollin"
Title = "The Ever-Changing Sea"
Publisher = "Alfred A. Knopf"
Year = "1967"
LOC = "67-18599"
Table of contents:
1. The immense sea 3,
2. The circulation of the ocean 41,
3. The waves of the ocean 91,
4. Ever-changing sea level 119,
5. The face of the earth beneath the sea 145,
6. The sediment carpet 173,
7. The deep sea and the ice ages 205,
8. The crust beneath the ocean bottom 235,
9. The Mohole 257,
10. Life in great depths 287,
11. The ocean and the future 319,
Bibliography 351,
Index 354 " }
Editor = "Fairbridge, Rhodes W."
Title = "The Encyclopedia of Oceanography"
Publisher = "Van Nostrand Reinhold Co."
Year = "1966"
Pages = "1021"
LOC = "66-26059"
Author = "Federov, K. N."
Title = "The Thermohaline Finestructure of the Ocean"
Title = "Pergamon Press, N.Y."
Year = "1978"
Pages = "170"
LOC = "GC 171"
ISBN = "0-08-021673"
Table of contents:
Preface 1,
1. Introduction 3,
1.1 The finestructure and microstructure of ocean waters 3,
1.2 Existing instruments and their capabilities 4,
1.3 Organization of observations on the thermohaline
finestructure of the ocean 7,
1.4 Examples of observations 8,
1.5 The vertical, horizontal, and temporal scales of the
finestructure of the ocean 15,
1.6 History of investigations of finestructure 18,
2. The fundamental physics of the finestructure of the
ocean 22,
2.1 Linearized thermohaline relationships and the simplest
consequences of hydrostatics 22,
2.2 The finestructure and the local balances of heat and
salt 26,
2.3 The kinematic effect of internal waves 30,
2.4 Irreversible changes in thermohaline finestructure
('traumatic effects') resulting from turbulent
mixing 33,
2.5 The advective transfer of thermohaline heterogeneities 42,
2.6 Convective reorganization of thermohaline structure
as a result of "double diffusive" effects 45,
2.7 Meso-scale and large-scale consequences of molecular
processes 55,
2.8 The sequence and relationships of structure-forming
processes in the ocean 56,
3. The analysis and interpretation of observations 58,
3.1 Separation of profiles 58,
3.2 A selective analysis of perturbations and mean
profiles 61,
3.3 T'- and S'-correlation of thermohaline finestructure 71,
3.4 Analysis of spectra 78,
3.5 Spatial and temporal variations of statistical
characteristics 83,
3.6 A combined analysis of profiles of the vertical
gradients of velocity and density and a comparison
of the associate finestructure 86,
3.7 Some general conclusions 97,
4. Temperature and density inversions in the ocean 98,
4.1 Introductory remarks 98,
4.2 Thermohaline disturbances accompanying the intrusion
process in the ocean 99,
4.3 Intrusive inversions of temperature in the Arabian
Sea 105,
4.4 The temperature inversion in the Timor Sea 112,
4.5 Other examples of the formation of intrusive
inversions of temperature 116,
4.6 The formation of a temperature inversion by means of
vertical convection associated with local
instability of the oceanic thermocline 119,
4.7 Inversions of vertical density gradient 123,
5. Step structures in the ocean and their origin 132,
5.1 Introductory remarks 132,
5.2 Advective layering of the upper quasi-uniform layer 132,
5.3 Step structure of meso-scale temperature inversions 135,
5.4 Step structures in the thermohalocline 140,
Conclusions 142,
Bibliography 144,
Author index 165,
Subject index 168 " }
Author = "Federov, K. N."
Title = "The Physical Nature and Structure of Ocean Fronts"
Publisher = "Springer-Verlag, N.Y."
Year = "1987"
ISBN = "0-387-96445-2",
Table of contents:
1. The subject and methods of research,
1.1 Historical summary of the development of ideas
regarding oceanic fronts 7,
1.2 Definitions, terminology and criteria 18,
1.3 Classification of frontal zones and fronts of
the world ocean 23,
1.4 Modern methods of frontal research 34,
2. General physical description of the phenomenon,
2.1 How frequently are fronts encountered in the ocean? 41,
2.2 General background of spatial variability in
temperature and salinity near the surface of
the ocean 59,
2.3 Main physical parameters of front zones and interfaces 73,
2.4 On the conditions of frontogenesis in the ocean and
in the atmosphere 80,
2.5 The concepts of deformation field and frontogenesis 92,
2.6 On numerical modelling of oceanic frontogenesis 97,
2.7 Problems of general frontal dynamics 116,
2.8 Factors controlling the evolution of fronts 132,
2.9 On the two important functions of Ekman boundary
layers 142,
3. Characteristic features of oceanic fronts,
3.1 Eddies and fronts in the ocean 146,
3.2 Peculiarities of coastal upwelling fronts 188,
3.3 Salinity fronts originating from river discharge
into coastal areas of the ocean 201,
3.4 Coastal fronts with tidal mixing 227,
3.5 Surface phenomena of a frontal nature 230,
4. Fronts and the structure of the ocean,
4.1 On the multifrontal structure of frontal zones 245,
4.2 Thermohaline finestructure near oceanic fronts 254,
4.3 Characteristic features of the 3-D spatial structure
of frontal zones (e.g. the Gulf Stream) 274,
4.4 Cross-frontal transfer 286,
5. Problems for future research and the concerns of
associated disciplines,
5.1 Some generalizations 296,
5.2 Research on the physics of front phenomena in the
ocean and associated problems of other disciplines 299,
5.3 Future research tasks 303,
References 309,
Subject index 327" }
Author = "Fein, Jay S. and Pamela L. Stephens"
Title = "Monsoons"
Publisher = "Wiley-Interscience"
Year = "1987"
Pages = "632"
LOC = "QC 939 M7 M66"
ISBN = "0-471-87416-7"
Table of contents:
1. The elementary monsoon - P. J. Webster
2. The Indian Monsoon in literature - K. Singh
3. Monsoon in traditional culture - F. Zimmerman
4. Monsoons in agricultural proverbs in Tamilnadu - B. J. Murton
5. Tropical economies and weather information - R. K. Sah
6. Abnormal monsoons and economic consequences: The Indian
experience - M. S. Swaminathan
7. Ancient and medieval records of the monsoon winds and
currents of the Indian Ocean - B. A. Warren
8. Concepts of monsoon physics in historical perspective: The
Indian Monsoon (seventeenth to early twentieth
century) - G. Kutzbach
9. Physics of monsoons: The current view - J. A. Young
10. The changing pulse of the monsoon - J. E. Kutzbach
11. The variable and interactive monsoon - P. J. Webster
12. Orography and monsoons - T. Murakami
13. The Indian Ocean: Interaction with the monsoon - R. A. Knox
14. Interannual variability of monsoons - J. Shukla
15. Monsoon models - T. N. Krishnamurti
16. Long-range forecasting of monsoons - J. Shukla
17. Short- and long-range monsoon prediction in India - P. K. Das
18. Short- and long-term monsoon prediction in Southeast
Asia - B.-K. Cheang
19. Prediction and warning systems and international, government,
and public response: A problem for the future - M. S.
Swaminathan
Author = "Fincham, A. A."
Title = "Basic Marine Biology"
Publisher = "Cambridge Univ. Press"
Year = "1984"
Pages = "157"
LOC = "QH 91 F44 1984"
Table of contents:
Author = "Fischer, Hugo B., E. John List, Robert C. Y. Koh, Jorg Imberger,
and Norman H. Brooks"
Title = "Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters"
Publisher = "Academic Press, N.Y."
Year = "1979"
Pages = "483"
LOC = "TC 171 M57"
ISBN = "0-12-258150-4"
Table of contents:
1. Concepts and definitions 1,
1.1 The role of hydrology and hydraulic engineering in
environmental management 1,
1.2 Environmental hydraulics 6,
1.3 Strategies and approaches for problem solving 9,
1.4 Basic concepts and definitions 16,
1.5 Dimensional analysis 23,
2. Fickian diffusion 30,
2.1 Fick's law of diffusion 30,
2.2 The random walk and molecular diffusion 35,
2.3 Some mathematics of the diffusion equation 38,
2.4 Advective diffusion 50,
3. Turbulent diffusion 55,
3.1 Introduction 55,
3.2 Some statistical concepts 60,
3.3 Diffusion of the ensemble mean concentration 65,
3.4 Relative diffusion of clouds 71,
3.5 Summary 77,
4. Shear flow dispersion 81,
4.1 Dispersion in laminar shear flow 81,
4.2 Dispersion in turbulent shear flow 91,
4.3 Dispersion in unsteady shear flow 94,
4.4 Dispersion in two dimensions 99,
4.5 Dispersion in unbounded shear flow 102,
5. Mixing in rivers 105,
5.1 Turbulent mixing in rivers 105,
5.2 Longitudinal dispersion in rivers 124,
5.3 A numerical analysis for the initial period 139,
5.4 Measurement of stream discharge by tracer techniques 142,
5.5 Dispersion of decaying substances 145,
6. Mixing in reservoirs 150,
6.1 Reservoir behavior 150,
6.2 External energy sources for mixing 161,
6.3 Vertical mixing in the empilimnion 169,
6.4 Vertical mixing in the hypolimnion 195,
6.5 Horizontal mixing in reservoirs 199,
6.6 Outflow dynamics 201,
6.7 Mixing of inflows 209,
6.8 Uses of a numerical model: an example 220,
7. Mixing in estuaries 229,
7.1 Introduction and classification 229,
7.2 The causes of mixing in estuaries 231,
7.3 Cross-sectional mixing in estuaries 249,
7.4 Longitudinal dispersion and salinity intrusion 253,
7.5 One-dimensional analysis of dispersion of wastes 263,
8. River and estuary models 280,
8.1 Considerations in choosing a model 280,
8.2 Numerical models 284,
8.3 Physical models 296,
8.4 Summary 314,
9. Turbulent jets and plumes 315,
9.1 Introduction 315,
9.2 Jets and plumes 317,
9.3 Environmental parameters 341,
9.4 Buoyant jet problems and the entrainment hypothesis 365,
9.5 Boundary effects on turbulent buoyant jets 377,
9.6 Summary 389,
10. Design of ocean wastewater discharge systems 390,
10.1 The design process 390,
10.2 Mixing phenomena 392,
10.3 Outfall and diffuser hydraulics 412,
10.4 An example design: the Sand Island outfall in
Honolulu, Hawaii 421,
10.5 Design of structures for thermal discharges 426,
Appendix A - An estimator for the density of seawater 443,
Appendix B - Fluid properties 450,
Notation 455,
References 459,
Author index 473,
Subject index 478 " }
Author = "Fischer, Gerhard and Gerold Wefer"
Title = "Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography"
Publisher = "Springer"
Year = "1999"
Pages = "735"
LOC = "QE 39.5 P25U74"
ISBN = "3-540-66340-1"
Table of contents:
Introduction
Clues to ocean history: a brief overview of proxies - G. Wefer
and W. H. Berger and J. Bijma and G. Fischer
Surface Water Circulation - temperature
Sea-surface temperature estimations using a modern analog
technique with foraminiferal assemblages from Western Atlantic
Quaternary sediments - W. Hale and U. Pflaumann
The distribution of living planktic foraminifera in relation
to Southeast Atlantic oceanography - S. Kemle-von Mucke and
H. Oberhansli
Coccolithophores as indicators of ocean water masses, surface-water
temperature, and paleoproductivity - examples from the South
Atlantic - K.-H. Baumann and M. Cepek and H. Kinkel
Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts as paleo-environmental tools -
K. A. F. Zonneveld and C. Holl and D. Janofske and
B. Karwath and B. Kerntopf and C. Ruhlemann and H. Willems
A tool for the reconstruction of surface water stratification -
H.-S. Niebler and H.-W. Hubberten and R. Gersonde
Stable isotopes of pteropod shells as recorders of sub-surface
water conditions: Comparison to the record of G. ruber
and to measured values - G. Fischer and M. Kalberer and
B. Donner and G. Wefer
Surface Water Circulation - salinity
On the reconstruction of paleosalinities - T. Wolff and B. Grieger and
W. Hale and A. Durkoop and S. Mulitza and J. Patzold and G. Wefer
Bottom and Deep Water Circulation
Stable carbon isotopes in benthic foraminifera: Proxies for deep and
bottom water circulation and new production - A. Mackensen and T. Bickert
Carbonate dissolution in the deep-sea: Methods, quantification and
paleoceanographic application - N. Dittert and K. H. Baumann and
T. Bickert and R. Henrich and R. Huber and H. Kinkel and H. Meggers
Kaolinite and chlorite as tracers of modern and Late Quaternary deep
water circulation in the South Atlantic and the adjoining
Southern Ocean - B. Diekmann and G. Kuhn and A. Mackensen and
R. Petschick and D. K. Futterer and R. Gersonde and C. Ruhlemann
and H.-S. Niebler
Paleoproductivity and Nutrients
Organic carbon and carbonate as paleoproductivity proxies: Examples
from high and low productivity areas of the tropical Atlantic -
C. Ruhlemann and P. J. Muller and R. R. Schneider
Biogenic barium as a proxy for paleoproductivity: Methods and
limitations of application - F. X. Gingele and M. Zabel and S. Kasten
and W. J. Bonn and C. C. Nurnberg
Variability in export production documented by downward fluxes and
species composition of marine planktic diatoms: Observations
from the tropical and equatorial Atlantic - O. E. Romero and
C. B. Lange and G. Fischer and U. F. Treppke and G. Wefer
Reliability of the Pa231/Th230 activity ratio as a tracer for
bioproductivity of the ocean - H.-J. Watler and M. M. Rutgers van
der Loeff and R. Francois
Sediment redistribution, Th230-ex: Normalization and implications
for the reconstruction of particle flux and export
paleoproductivity - M. Frank and R. Gersonde and A. Mangini
The South Atlantic carbon isotope record of planktic
foraminifera - S. Mulitza and H. Arz and S. Kemle-von Mucke and
C. Moos and H.-S. Niebler and J. Patzold and M. Segl
Reconstruction of surface ocean nitrate utilization using stable
nitrogen isotopes in sinking particles and sediments - M. E.
Holmes and C. Eichner and U. Struck and G. Wefer
CO2 in Oceans and Atmosphere
Alkenone delta-13C as a proxy for past pCO2 in surface waters: Results
from the Late Quaternary Angola Current - N. Andersen and
P. J. Muller and G. Kirst and R. R. Schneider
Reassessing foraminiferal stable isotope geochemistry: Impact of
the oceanic carbonate system (experimental results) - J. Bijma and
H. J. Spero and D. W. Lea
Implications of a carbonate ion effect on shell carbon and oxygen
isotopes for glacial ocean conditions - D. W. Lea and J. Bijma
and H. J. Spero and D. Archer
Atmospherical Circulation
Pollen and spores in marine sediments from the East Atlantic - A view
from the ocean into the African continent - L. M. Dupont
Terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments: Analytical approaches
and eolian-marine records in the Central Equatorial Atlantic -
T. Wagner and L. M. Dupont
Environmental Magnetism
The magnetic view on the marine paleoenvironment: Parameters,
techniques, and potentials of rock magnetic studies as a key to
paleomagnetic and paleoceanographic changes - T. Frederichs and
U. Bleil and K. Daumler and T. von Dobeneck and A. M. Schmidt
Using rock magnetic proxy records for orbital tuning and extended
time series analyses into the super- and sub-Milankovitch
bands - T. von Dobeneck and F. Schmieder
Geomagnetic events and relative paleointensity records - Clues to
high-resolution paleomagnetic chronostratigraphies of Late Quaternary
marine sediments? - U. Bleil and T. von Dobeneck
Modelling
Simulation of oxygen isotopes in a global ocean model - A. Paul
and S. Mulitza and J. Patzold and T. Wolff
Reconstructing and modelling the Last Glacial Maximum: Beyond CLIMAP -
K. Herterich and S. Determann and B. Grieger and I. Hansen and
P. Helbig and S. Lorenz and A. Manschke and M. Matthies and A. Paul
and R. Schlotte and U. Wyputta
Data Management
Data management of proxy parameters with PANGAEA - M. Diepenbroek and
H. Grobe and M. Reinke and R. Schlitzer and R. Sieger
Author = "Flatte, Stanley M., Roger Dashen, Walter S. Munk, Kenneth M. Watson,
and Fredrik Zachariasen"
Title = "Sound Transmission Through a Fluctuating Ocean"
Publisher = "Cambridge University Press, New York"
Year = "1979"
Pages = "299"
LOC = "QC 242.2 S68"
ISBN = "0-521-21940-X"
Table of contents:
Part I - The ocean environment 1,
1. Ocean structure 3,
2. Planetary waves and eddies 34,
3. Linear internal waves 44,
Part II - Introduction to sound transmission in the ocean 63,
4. The ocean sound channel 65,
5. The wave equation 74,
Part III - Sound transmission through a fluctuating ocean 85,
6. Transmission through a homogeneous, isotropic medium 87,
7. The ocean medium 100,
8. Statistics of acoustic signals 120,
9. Multipath effects and n-point Gaussian statistics 150,
Part IV - Theory of sound transmission 163,
10. Supereikonal, or Rytov approximation 165,
11. Propagation through a single upper turning point 189,
12. Path integrals and propagation in saturated regimes 207,
13. The transport equation in sound scattering 220,
Part V - Experimental observations of acoustic fluctuations 237,
14. Eleuthera-Bermuda 239,
15. Cobb seamount 252,
16. Azores 256,
Epilog 269,
Appendix A: Calculation of K(alpha) 273,
Appendix B: Calculation of Q(alpha) 274,
Appendix C: Calculation of gamma 276,
Bibliography 277,
Glossary of terms 285,
Units, dimensions and glossary of symbols 289,
Index 295 " }
Author = "Fletcher, C. A. J."
Title = "Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics: Vol. I - Fundamentals
and General Techniques"
Publisher = "Springer-Verlag, N.Y."
Year = "1988"
Pages = "409"
LOC = "QC 151 F58 1988"
ISBN = "3-540--19466-5 (2 volume set)"
Table of contents:
1. Computational fluid dynamics: an introduction 1,
1.1 Advantages of computational fluid dynamics
1.2 Typical practical problems
1.3 Equation structure
1.4 Overview of computational fluid dynamics
1.5 Further reading
2. Partial differential equations 17,
2.1 Background
2.2 Hyperbolic PDEs
2.3 Parabolic PDEs
2.4 Elliptic PDEs
2.5 Traditional solution methods
2.5.1 The method of characteristics
2.5.2 Separation of variables
2.5.3 Green's function method
2.6 Closure
2.7 Problems
3. Preliminary computational techniques 47,
3.1 Discretization
3.2 Approximation to derivatives
3.3 Accuracy of the discretization process
3.4 Wave representation
3.5 Finite difference method
3.6 Closure
3.7 Problems
4. Theoretical background 73,
4.1 Convergence
4.2 Consistency
4.3 Stability
4.4 Solution accuracy
4.5 Computational efficiency
4.6 Closure
4.7 Problems
5. Weighted residual methods 98,
5.1 General formulation
5.2 Finite volume method
5.3 Finite element method and interpolation
5.4 Finite element method and the Sturm--Liouville equation
5.5 Further applications of the finite element method
5.6 Spectral method
5.7 Closure
5.8 Problems
6. Steady problems 163,
6.1 Nonlinear steady problems
6.2 Direct methods for linear systems
6.3 Iterative methods
6.4 Pseudotransient method
6.5 Strategies for steady problems
6.6 Closure
6.7 Problems
7. One-dimensional diffusion equation 216,
7.1 Explicit methods
7.2 Implicit methods
7.3 Boundary and initial conditions
7.4 Method of lines
7.5 Closure
7.6 Problems
8. Multidimensional diffusion equation 249,
8.1 2--D diffusion equation
8.2 Multidimensional splitting methods
8.3 Splitting schemes and the finite element method
8.4 Neumann boundary conditions
8.5 Method of fractional steps
8.6 Closure
8.7 Problems
9. Linear convection-dominated problems 276,
9.1 1--D linear convection equation
9.2 Numerical dissipation and dispersion
9.3 Steady convection--diffusion equation
9.4 1--D transport equation
9.5 2--D transport equation
9.6 Closure
9.7 Problems
10. Nonlinear convection-dominated problems 331,
10.1 1--D Burger's equation
10.2 Systems of equations
10.3 Group finite element method
10.4 2--D Burger's equation
10.5 Closure
10.6 Problems
Appendix 375,
References 376,
Subject index 389 " }
Author = "Fletcher, C. A. J."
Title = "Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics: Vol. II - Specific
Techniques for Different Flow Categories"
Publisher = "Springer-Verlag, N.Y."
Year = "1988"
Pages = "409"
LOC = "QC 151 F58 1988"
ISBN = "3-540-19466-5 (2 volume set)"
Table of contents:
11. Fluid dynamics: the governing equations 1,
11.1 Physical properties of fluids
11.2 Equations of motion
11.3 Incompressible inviscid flow
11.4 Incompressible boundary layer flow
11.5 Incompressible viscous flow
11.6 Compressible flow
11.7 Closure
11.8 Problems
12. Generalized curvilinear coordinates 46,
12.1 Transformation of relationships
12.2 Evaluation of the transformation parameters
12.3 Generalized coordinate structure of typical equations
12.4 Numerical implementation of generalized coordinates
12.5 Closure
12.6 Problems
13. Grid generation 78,
13.1 Physical aspects
13.2 Grid generation by partial differential equation solution
13.3 Grid generation by algebraic mapping
13.4 Numerical implementation of algebraic mapping
13.5 Closure
13.6 Problems
14. Inviscid flow 124,
14.1 Panel method
14.2 Supersonic inviscid flow
14.3 Transonic inviscid flow
14.4 Closure
14.5 Problems
15. Boundary layer flow 200,
15.1 Simple boundary layer flow
15.2 Complex boundary layer flow
15.3 Dorodnitsyn boundary layer formulation
15.4 3--D boundary layer flow
15.5 Closure
15.6 Problems
16. Flows governed by reduced Navier-Stokes equations 248,
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Internal flow
16.3 External flow
16.4 Closure
16.5 Problems
17. Incompressible viscous flow 329,
17.1 Primitive variables; unsteady flow
17.2 Primitive variables; steady flow
17.3 Vorticity, stream function variables
17.4 Vorticity formulations for 3--D flow
17.5 Closure
17.6 Problems
18. Compressible viscous flow 394,
18.1 Physical simplifications
18.2 Explicit schemes
18.2.1 Explicit MacCormack scheme
18.2.2 Runge--Kutta schemes
18.3 Implicit schemes
18.3.1 Implicit MacCormack scheme
18.3.2 Beam and Warming scheme
18.3.3 Group finite element method
18.3.4 Approximate LU factorization
18.4 Generalized coordinates
18.5 Numerical dissipation
18.6 Closure
18.7 Problems
References 449,
Subject index 463 " }
Editor = "Flugge, S."
Title = "Handbuch der Physik, Vol. XLVIII, Geophysics II"
Publisher = "Springer-Verlag"
Year = "1957"
Pages = "1045"
LOC = "QC 21 H3.27 Bd. 48"
Table of contents:
1. Dynamic meteorology - A. Eliassen, E. Kleinschmidt 1
2. Strahlung in der unteren Atmosphare - F. Moller 155
3. Vision through the atmosphere - W. E. K. Middleton 254
4. Polarization of skylight - Z. Sekera 288
5. Diffusion des radiations par les gouttes d'eau en
suspension dans l'atmosphere - J. Bricard 329
6. Ozon in der Erdatmosphare - H.-K. Paetzold, E. Regener 370
7. Geophysical aspects of meteors - A. C. B. Lovell 427
8. Sound propagation in air - E. F. Cox 455
9. The physics of clouds - F. H. Ludlam, B. J. Mason 479
10. Atmospharische Elektrizitat - R. Muhleisen 541
11. Oceanography - H. U. Sverdrup 608
12. Oberflachen-Wellen des Meeres - H. U. Roll 671
13. Gezeitenkrafte - J. Bartels 734
14. Tides of the solid earth - R. Tomaschek 775
15. Flutwellen und Gezeiten des Wassers - A. Defant 846
16. Atmospharische Gezeiten - W. Kertz 928
17. Physical volcanology - S. Sakuma, T. Nagata 982
Sachverzeichnis 1012
Subject index 1029
Table des matieres 1046
Author = "Friedlander, S."
Title = "An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics"
Publisher = "North-Holland"
Year = "1980"
Pages = "272"
Author = "Friedrich, Hermann"
Title = "Marine Biology: An Introduction to Its Problems
and Results"
Publisher = "Univ. of Washington Press"
Year = "1969"
LOC = "71-93028"
Pages = "474"
Table of contents:
I. The history of marine biological research
II. Morphology of the oceans
III. The ecological factors
IV. Plants and animals of the pelagial
V. Plants and animals of the benthal
VI. Distribution of marine organisms in space and time
VII. Life on the margins of the sea
VIII. Economic aspects of marine biology
IX. Draft for a general biological picture of the oceans
Author = "Fritts, Harold C."
Title = "Reconstructing Large-scale Climatic
Patterns from Tree-Ring Data"
Publisher = "Univ. of Arizona Press"
Year = "1991"
Pages = "286"
LOC = "QC 884.2 D4 F73"
ISBN = "0-8165-1218-3"
Table of contents:
1. Introduction
A. The importance of climatic variability
B. The role of paleoclimatology
C. Short-term climatic variability
D. Climatic reconstruction
E. Published reports on the reconstructions
F. The analysis strategy
2. Characteristics of the tree-ring data
A. Chronology development
B. Chronology selection
C. Basic statistics
D. Variance in common, the error, and the SN ratio
E. The signal strength
F. Constraints to modeling the ring-width response
G. Response-function analysis
H. Correcting for autocorrelation
3. The climatic data
A. Twentieth-century data
B. Nineteenth-century data
C. Twentieth-century mean climatic patterns
4. Principal components
A. Principal components of the tree-ring record
B. Principal components of climate
5. Calibration, validation, and merging
A. Calibration models
B. Model terminology
C. Verification
D. Verification statistics
E. Strategy imposed by data availability
F. Verification of temperature and precipitation
G. Verification of sea-level pressure
H. Further model development
6. The statistics of the final results
A. Characteristics of the selected reconstructions
B. Spatial patterns in the statistics
C. Sources of variation in calibration statistics
D. Changes in the verification statistics
E. Regional differences between grid sizes
F. Variance analysis
7. Reconstructed clmiatic variations
A. Climatic variations through time
B. Regional variations and grid differences
C. Spatial variations in all three variables
8. Discussion
A. Applications
B. Comparisons with other tree-ring and proxy data
C. The Little Ice Age
9. Summary and conclusions
A. Tree-ring data sets
B. Climatic data
C. Principal component analysis
D. Modeling the tree-growth response
E. Transfer-function model development
F. Characteristics of the reconstructions
G. Large-scale reconstructions through time
H. Spatial patterns of reconstructed climate
I. General conclusions
10. Recommendations
Appendix 1: Technical notes
A. The eigenvectors and their principal components
B. Canonical regression using principal components
C. The calculations
D. Verification statistics
E. An example
F. Merging
G. Further model development
Appendix 2: Important limitations
Appendix 3: User's manual for program DIFMAP
S. Baum
Dept. of Oceanography
Texas A&M University
baum@astra.tamu.edu