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Last checked or modified: Oct. 13, 1998

UNCERT: A geostatistical uncertainty analysis package applied to groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling. This package was developed for evaluating the inherent uncertainty in describing subsurface geology, hydraulic properties, and the migration of hazardous contaminants in groundwater flow systems. It is well suited for the aforementioned purposes, but is also sufficiently general to be usable by researchers in a wide range of disciples.
The modules comprising UNCERT include:

Array, a utility to perform mathematical operations on gridded data;

Block, a visualization package for viewing 3-D scattered data and finite-difference grids;

Contour, a 2-D contouring and gradient analysis package;

Distcomp, an application for calculating and displaying the differences between data sets;

Grid, a 2-D and 3D gridding program that supports inverse-distance, simple and ordinary kriging, and trend-surface analysis;

Histo, a utility for doing univariate statistics;

Mainmenu, a menu interface to the other utilities;

Modmain, a GUI pre- and post-processor for MODFLOW;

MT3Dmain, a GUI pre- and post-processor for MT3D;

Plotgraph, an X-Y graphics utility;

Sisim, a GUI pre- and post-processor for a Soft Indicator Kriging Simulator;

Surface, a 2.5D visualization tool for viewing 2D grids as surfaces;

Vario, a tool to generate experimental semivariograms; and

Variofit, a tool for modeling experimental variograms.

The source code is available as well as binaries for some platforms. Compilation requires the Motif toolkit, an ANSI C compiler, and a Fortran 77 compiler (or f2c). A user's manual is available in hypertext format.
[http://uncert.mines.edu/]
UNCMIN: A package containing Fortran 77 routines designed to solve the unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem. This involves finding the minima of a twice continuously differentiable real-valued function F of N variables from a given starting point. The package consists of: OPTIF0, which provides a simple interface to the package with no user control over the options; and OPTIF9, which provides a complete interface to the package with full user control over all options.
The UNCMIN distribution is available in source code format. It is written in Fortran 77 and is documented via comment statements contained within the source code files. This is part of CMLIB.
[http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/computing/general/statlib/cmlib/]
U-Net: A user-level network interface architecture which provides low-latency and high-bandwidth communication over commodity networks for workstations and PCs. It removes the large communication overheads found in the standard networking layers in the operating system by defining an architecture which allows network interfaces to be mapped directly into user-space without compromising protection. The operating system is no longer involved in the sending and receiving of messages with U-Net, which allows a much tighter integration of computation and communication with the effect that communication overheads are dramatically reduce.
U-Net is available for PCs running Linux using either a DECchip 21140 based fast ethernet interface or a Fore Systems PCA-200 ATM interface. It is also available for PCs running Windows NT and Sparcstations running either SunOS or Solaris. The UNIX version includes the software for both Linux and Sun platforms. The documentation includes release and installation notes as well as a device reference.
[http://www2.cs.cornell.edu/U-Net/Default.html]
[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~mdw/projects/unet/]
UniCalc: A universal solver for arbitrary algebraic systems of equations and inequalities. The solver is an integrated environment supporting system input, modification, calculations, viewing results and specifying solution accuracies. UniCalc allows the system to be solved to be overdetermined or underdetermined, and the coefficients and variables can be imprecise and expressed as intervals. The system can contain integers, real variables, or a combination thereof. The algorithm used either finds that it can't solve the system or a parallelepiped that contains all the roots of the system. The solution to systems with single roots will be found immediately to a given accuracy, while systems with several roots will be solved either by adding extra relations or using a built-in too for automatic root location. The UniCalc language allows you to write mathematical problems as a set of expressions including variables, constants, standard math functions, user-defined functions, arrays and loops. It is designed to be as close as possible to common mathematical notation, and is entered via a built-in text editor.
Binary distributions of a demo version of UniCalc are available for several platforms including Linux Intel. A short user's manual is available in PostScript format.
[http://www.rriai.org.ru/UniCalc/]
Unicode: A character coding system designed to support the interchange, processing, and display of written texts of the languages of the modern world as well as the classical and historical texts of many written languages. Unicode version 2.0 contains 38,885 distinct coded characters derived from 25 supported scripts whose characters cover the principal written languages of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, India, Asia and Pacifica. A script is the union of the symbol sets of one or more related languages which serves as an inventory of symbols which can be drawn upon to write specific languages, e.g. the Latin script is used for dozens of languages, while the Hangul script is used for one language.
The primary scripts supported by Unicode 2.0 are Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Bopomofo, Cyrillic, Devanagari, Georgian, Greek, Gujarati, Gurmkhi, Han, Hangul, Hebrew, Hiragana, Kannada, Katakana, Latin, Lao, Malayalam, Oriya, Phonetic, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, and Tibetan. A number of secondary scripts are also encoded by Unicode. These are numbers, general diacritics, general punctuation, general symbols, mathematical symbols, technical symbols, dingbats, various geometric shapes, miscellaneous symbols, and presentation forms. Other modern scripts which aren't currently supported but which have codified and accepted for inclusion into a future version of the standard are Cherokee, Cree, and Ethiopic. Those which have only been codified are Burmese, Khmer (Cambodian), Maldivian (Dihevi), Mongolian, Moso (Naxi), Pahawh Hmong, Rong (Lepcha), Sinhalese (Sri Lankan), Tai Lu, Tai Mau, Tifinagh, and Yi (Lolo).
Unicode characters are encoded according to a group of techniques called encoding forms. These forms are:

the Canonical Form (UCS-2), the normal encoding form which uses 16-bit integral unsigned numbers;

the Extended Canonical Form (UTF-16), which modifies the Canonical Form to extend the code space from 65,536 to 917,504 code positions and allow for the inclusion of more scripts;

the 8-Bit Transformation Form (UTF-8), a proposed form for encoding data from both UCS-2 and UCS-4 encoding spaces as well as for a transformation format; and

the 7-Bit Transformation Form (UTF-7) proposed for use with Internet mail which supports only 7-bit US ASCII as a character set.

[http://www.unicode.org/]
UNILOAD: A boot loader for booting from any partition on any of 4 hard disks. This is intended as a replacement for the master boot record (MBR). The features include:

installable from DOS, FreeBSD and Linux;

all partitions from all disks are displayed at once on one screen;

the last selected partition is booted by default;

support for delayed boot time from 1 to 99 minutes;

boot protection via password;

support for LBA packet interface and booting from beyond the 1024 cylinder mark;

understanding over 50 file systems; and

sufficient intelligence to hide some kinds of partitions.

[http://www.simon.org.ua/uniload/]
Unison: A file synchronization tool that allows two replicas of a collection of files and directories to be stored on different hosts (or different disks on the same host), modified separately, and kept up to date by propagating the changes in each replica to the other. The features include:

cross-platform usability, i.e. across UNIX and Windows;

a user-level program not requiring special privileges;

handling updates to both replicas of a distributed structure, with non-conflicting updates automatically propagated and conflicting updates detected and displayed;

works between any pair of machines connected to the Internet communicating other either a direct socket link or tunneling over an rsh or encrypted ssh connection;

running well over slow links; and

failure resilience via leaving the replicas and its private structures in a sensible state at all times, even in the case of abnormal termination.

[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/]
UNIVAR: A set of programs for accomplishing various tasks in the realm of univariate statistics. The programs in the package include:

ar_mod, for computing the autoregressive (AR) model;

arma_mod, for computing the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model;

bpass, for generating and applying a digital band-pass filter;

corr, for finding the correlation coefficient between two time series;

curvfit, a polynomial curve fitting routine;

dtrend, for detrending a time series;

fourier, for performing a discrete Fourier transformation;

ma_mod, for computing the moving average (MA) model;

movavg, generates a moving average time series;

prdict, generates the best linear unbiased predictor of a time series;

random, generates white noise with either uniform, Gaussian, Gamma, Poisson or Binomial probability distribution;

regress, for performing linear regression analysis;

smspec, computes the smoothed spectral density of a time series; and

transf, performs any of several data set transformations including subtracting the mean, detrending, adding a trend, forward differencing, backward addition, log transformation, exponentiation, and power transformation.

A source code distribution of these programs is available. It also includes example programs, data sets, and a user's manual in TeX and PostScript format.
[ftp://csrp.tamu.edu/pub/kykim/univar/]
UNIX: An operating system whose genesis was from about 1968-1970 in the Computer Research Group at Bell Labs. A group of researchers-mainly Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Joseph Ossanna-who used and had helped develop the MULTICS (MULTiplexed Information and Computer System) operating system had then seen the project scaled back due to production versions being large and slow. Thompson wanted to further develop the concepts underyling MULTICS and requested a DEC-10 on which to do so. He was turned down more than once so turned to a little-used PDP-7 to develop a version of a game called Space Travel that would run more smoothly than the version already running on the local GE 645. This led to the development of a file system, a shell, and some simple utilities for the PDP-7, i.e. an OS. This OS was originally called the UNiplexed Information and Computing System or UNICS (analogous to the earlier MULTICS), a name which evolved into UNIX.
The group was dissatisfied with the limitations of the PDP-7 and requested a PDP-11, ostensibly to create a text processing system. They got it and ported a package called roff (a predecessor to troff) to the PDP-11 as well as an editor, i.e. a text processing system. The Bell Labs patent office was looking for a text processing system and chose the PDP-11 system over a competing commercial system, thus not only becoming the first official users of UNIX but also providing impetus for further development. The first documentation for this system was labeled ``First Edition'' and released in November 1971. This originated the tradition of naming UNIX releases after the edition of the manual, although the OS is referred to as a ``version'' rather than an ``edition.''
The original PDP-11 UNIX kernel and utilities were written in assembler. Thompson and Ritchie had wanted to write an OS in a high-level language for some time and decided to do so with UNIX. In 1973 they rewrote the UNIX kernel in C, which had by then been sufficiently enhanced to be sufficient for the task. Several more versions were developed and released as the OS become more widely known and used, at least in academia. The first release to be used widely outside of Bell Labs was Version 6 in 1975, the release of which marked the splitting point at which most of the plethora of UNIX flavors around today originated. The most significant result of this was a distribution tape developed at Berkeley known as 1BSD (1st Berkeley Software Distribution) which was the origin of all of the current *BSD versions of UNIX (although the major development started with their modification of Version 7 into the 3BSD release).
UNIX development split into a couple of paths at Bell Labs. A group called PWB (Programmer's Workbench) supported a version for large software development projects which was made available outside the labs. The USG (UNIX Support Group) was created to provide support for UNIX users within Bell Labs. These groups were eventually merged into USDL (UNIX System Development Laboratory) and released what was known as UNIX System III in 1982. This numbering system was used up until System V when a release suffix was added, e.g. System V R.2. Thus most UNIX versions (other than Linux, of course) in use today are described as similar to or descended from either System V or BSD (which were at System VR4 and 4.4BSD in the late 80s).
Most UNIX development post-1990 is in the direction of POSIX compliance for all versions. The Linux version is mostly POSIX compliant as of late 1997 and aims for eventual full compliance. There are several other strains of UNIX that have made some sort of impact over the years, more about which can be found in Libes and Ressler (1989).
There are many books that provide technical and/or historical information about the various flavors of UNIX. These include Ables (1995), Abrahams and Larson (1996), Arick (1995), Ault (1996), Bach (1986), Bourne (1982), Bourne (1987), Christian (1988), Christian (1994), Curry (1996), Evans et al. (1995), Fiedler and Hunter (1986a), Fiedler and Hunter (1986b), Frisch (1995), Hunter (1995), Kernighan and Pike (1984), Leach (1994), Leffler et al. (1989), Lehey (1995), Libes and Ressler (1989), Lions (1996), Majidimehr (1996), McGilton and Morgan (1983), Mohr (1996), Nemeth (1995), Pabrai (1996), Pate (1996), Peek et al. (1993), Rochkind (1986), Silverberg (1994), Singh (1997), Sobell (1995a), Sobell (1995b), Sobell (1997), Southerton (1993), Stevens (1990), Stevens (1992), SysAdmin (1997), Thomas (1982), Thomas et al. (1986), Todino et al. (1993), and Vann (1995).
[http://www.ugu.com/]
Unix Cockpit: A UNIX/X11 file manager that integrates file browsers, a directory tree, custom menus and the standard command shell into a multi-window tool. The features of Unix Cockpit (UC) include:

unique file browsers that give good and fast overviews over directory contents and allow for the quick execution of file operations;

powerful dynamic tree visualization of the directory hierarchy with fast navigation and directory changing capabilities;

an integrated window shell for full shell functionality;

drag and drop file manipulation for moving and copying;

a built-in mouse-based editor with multiple windows and Emacs keybindings;

an interface to the make utility which allows the execution of any command from within a UC menu; and

full customizability of almost all features like colors, fonts, and window geometry.

A binary version of UC is available for most UNIX platforms including Intel, Sparc and Alpha Linux boxes. This is shareware with a fee of $25 per machine per user for private users. Commercial, government, university, and other organizations must register and pay a license fee.
[http://www.unix11.com/]
[ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/unix/cockpit/]
Unix Guru Universe: The official home page for Unix system administration. The graphics are kept to a minimum and their are hundreds of useful links. Sysadmin Bob sez check it out.
[http://www.ugu.com/]
Unix Hacker Tools: A set of tools for hacking or, preferably, checking the security status of UNIX boxes. As the authors state in the documentation, these aren't elite (i.e. state of the art) but can still be dangerous enough on a system bereft of simple security precautions. These tools include:

Collector, a library to transfer data to other hosts, i.e. a sniffer;

Hunter, a sniffer for Linux;

ICMP-Tunnel, an ICMP tunnel program for transferring files;

Searcher, for checking the admin $HOME directory for .rhosts, .forward and similar dangerous files;

Smeagol, a backdoor with acct/logclean and hiding functions;

clear, an elite log cleaner (i.e. deleter) for utmp(x)/wtmp(x)/lastlog;

cnt-svr-filetransfer, small sources for tranferring files on any UNIX system;

daemonshell, a TCP and UDP deamonshell written in Perl;

fingerd-fileserver, a patch to fingerd for transferring files;

paz, a process accounting zapper that deletes accounting info;

probe, a script for probing remote hosts; and

zap, an enhanced zapper to delete log entries.

[http://www.hackers.gr/unix/software.html]
unixODBC: A project to develop a complete and open ODBC solution for UNIX/Linux. The goal is to develop and promote unixODBC to be the definitive standard for ODBC on the Linux platform, and to include GUI support for KDE.
[http://genix.net/unixODBC/]
Unix Reference Desk: This site has UNIX and UNIX-related manuals out the wazoo.
[http://www.eecs.nwu.edu/unix.html]
unravel: A prototype program slicing tool that can be used to statically evaluate C source code using program slicing, an analysis technique that extracts all statements relevant to the computation of a given variable. It is useful in debugging, software maintenance and understanding programs. Program slices can be used to reduce the effort needed to examine software by allowing attention to be focuses on one computation at a time. Unravel can be used to identify code executed in more than one computation by combining program slices with logical set operations. A source code distribution of this C program is available. It is documented in a two volume technical report available in PostScript format.
[http://hissa.ncsl.nist.gov/~jimmy/unravel.html]
Unroff: A Scheme-based, programmable, extensible troff translator with a back-end for HTML. It reads and parses UNIX troff documents and translates the embedded markup into a different format. The translation process is controlled by a set of user-supplied procedures written in Scheme. Version 1.0 of Unroff includes back-ends for translating documents created using the man, ms, and me macros into HTML. Translation rules for other output formats can be easily added by providing a set of Scheme procedures. Unroff, unlike some troff converters, includes a full troff parser which closely mimics the troff processing engine. This enables it to handle user-defined macros, strings, nested if-else requests, and various other structures with which other translators have some difficulty.
The source code, which can be compiled using the Scheme-based Elk and an ANSI C compiler, is available as well as binaries for several platforms including Linux. The available documentation includes a man page in several formats as well as a programmer's manual. Several examples are available.
[http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~net/unroff/unroff.html]
updatehosts: A system for automatically managing and generating DNS zone files using flat relational tables. The features of updatehosts include:

automatic generation of DNS zone files including *.in-addr.arpa zones for an unlimited number of DNS zones;

automatic generation of BIND V4 or V8 bootstrap files with support for most BIND options;

automatic serial number generation for DNS zone files;

automatic generation of the DHCP bootstrap file;

limited support for DNS updates when using DHCP dynamic addressing;

generation of static hosts files from the same set of information used for DNS zone file generation;

a flexible input file syntax allowing additional information such as contact names to be kept with the DNS information;

tools for managing the nameserver configuration;

conversion utilities for converting existing DNS zone files or static host tables into the updatehosts input file format;

flexible postprocessing hooks allowing site-specific commands to be executed after the file is generated;

a general purpose tool for reading flat ASCII files as database relations; and

the option of maintaining input files under SCCS or RCS.

A source code distribution is available and requires Perl 5 and a C compiler for compilation and use. It is recommended that BIND 8.1.2 be used as the nameserver.
[ftp://ftp.tic.com/pub/updatehosts/]
UPS: An Uninterruptible Power Supply is a device that supplies power to a computer system when the regular power supply fails. It can supply power from 1 minute to as long as you want, with the price going up rather quickly with the time. Software for controlling UPS units includes:

APCUPSD, for power management for APCC products;

bpowerd, for Best Power Patriot and Patriot Plus units; and

genpower, a general UPS handling package;
UPS: A source level C debugger that runs under X11. It runs in a window with two major regions: a region showing the current state of the target program data and another showing the currently executing source code. A significant feature is that the variables display is persistent, i.e. variables added to the display stay there as you step through the code, with the current stack trace always being visible. UPS includes a C interpreter which allows fragments of code to be added simply by editing them into the source window (which doesn't modify the source itself). This allows the addition of debugging printf calls without having to recompile, relink, or restart. Other features include the capability of adding variables to the display simply by clicking on them in the source window, recursively expanding structures and unions to show their members, assigning variable values by editing the displayed value, adding breakpoints by pointing with the mouse at the line where you want execution to stop, and adding interpreted code at any breakpoint including that which calls compiled functions and assigns to variables.
[http://www.concerto.demon.co.uk/UPS/]
[ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/pub/misc/unix/ups/]
uptimed: A daemon program to keep track of system uptimes. See also the related ud.
[http://capsi.com/linux-uptimed.shtml]
UPX: The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables is a portable, extendable, high-performance packer for several different executable formats that generally achieves compression ratios of 0.2-0.4. The features include:

very fast decompression, usually 10 Mb/sec or greater;

no memory overhead for compressed executables;

various safety features included checksums of both the compressed and uncompressed file;

support for 10 different executable formats; and

portability via being written in endian-neutral C++.

[http://wildsau.idv.uni-linz.ac.at/mfx/upx.html]
uread: A pair of Fortran unformatted file utilities. There are differences in the internal representation of unformatted files among UNIX Fortran compilers. DEC and Intel architectures use the so-called ``little endian'' representation while Sun, IBM, SGI, HP, TMC and Cray use the ``big endian'' format. These routines allow you to look at an unformatted Fortran file to see the size of the data records and to swap the ``endianess'' of a file from big to little or vice-versa, i.e. they can perform what is known as byteswapping. The programs are written in C and each comes with a man page.
[http://www.maths.unsw.EDU.AU/~norris/ software.html]
uri: A raster image access library and utilities. The image access library may be used to read and write graphical images to a wide ragne of file formats, but only supports raster formats. The library includes several file operations such as opening, closing, reading a pixel, getting information, read a color map entry, writing a pixel, set a title, etc. The example utilities built using the library are:

uricmp to compare two images;

uriconv to convert image files from one format to another;

uriplot to convert plot(5) format files into a variety of raster formats; and

uritell to list information about image files.

The image formats handled by uri include the Xerox Paint Brush format, CBM, the coded image (CI) format for gray scale and color, the FACE format, FBM, GIF, Mac MacPaint, MTV ray tracer format, PBM, the PEL raytrace output format, the PELCM format, and the QRT ray tracer format.
The uri source code is written in ANSI C and included in the package. It has been successfully compiled on several platforms using gcc. The library and utilities are documented in man pages.
[ftp://ftp.agso.gov.au/pub/Aegis/]
UrlGet: A program that gets files using HTTP, FTP, or Gopher protocols. The source code is available as are binaries for several platforms including Linux Intel.
[http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/~sagula/urlget.html]
Utah Raster Toolkit (URT): The Utah Raster Toolkit is a set of programs for manipulating and composing raster images based on the designed to work on raster images in the same way as UNIX pipes and filters work on text. It uses a special run length encoding (RLE) format for storing images and interfacing among the various programs which reduces the disk space requirements and provides a standard header containing descriptive information about an image.
The URT package contains several tools including:

comp, an image compositor which composites two images in various ways;

repos, which positions an image to a specific location;

crop, which throws away all parts of an image falling outside a specified rectangle;

flip, which rotates an image 90 $^\circ$ right or left, turns it upside down, or reverses it left to right;

fant, which rotates an image an arbitrary number of degrees from -45 to 45;

avg4, which downfilters an image into a quarter of its original size;

ldmap, which creates or modifies a color map; and

applymap, which applies a color map; background, which produces a background field (either flat or vertically ramped).

A number of programs are also provided for displaying a picture on various output devices, the most useful of which display it on a X Window or convert it to grey-scale PostScript.
URT is written in the C and the distribution includes the source, sample images, and documentation in the form of a PostScript manual as well as man pages.
[http://www.cs.utah.edu/projects/alpha_1/urt.html]
[ftp://ftp.cs.utah.edu/pub/]
[ftp://freebie.engin.umich.edu/pub/urt/]
USAT: A package of programs and subroutines for tracking satellites. This is written in C.
[http://ftp.sunspot.noao.edu/ftp/usat/]
USB: The Universal Serial Bus is a peripheral bus standard developed by a consortium of industry biggies which will enable plug and play of computer peripherals outside the box and thus eliminate the need to install cards into dedicated computer slots and reconfigure the system. Peripherals will be automatically configured as soon as they are physically attached, with the USB protocol allowing up to 127 devices to run simultaneously.
[http://www.usb.org/]
[http://www.linux-usb.org/]
[http://peloncho.fis.ucm.es/~inaky/uusbd-www/]
USBView: A GTK program for displaying the topography of the devices plugged into the USB bus on a Linux machine. It also displays information about each of the devices.
[http://www.kroah.com/linux-usb/]
USENET: See Harrison (1995). Available USENET readers or related software include:

Bosy

HyperNews

knews

Leafnode

Mahogany

Netscape

News Peruser

NewsX

NN

NN-TK

slrn

SnarfNews

tin

trn

xrn
userfs: A package which allows normal user processes to be a Linux filesystem which allows completely virtual filesystems and new interfaces to be created. This can be used for creating prototype filesystems, infrequently used filesystems, adding capabilities to existing filesystems, or adding a filesystem-type interface to an existing mechanism. Userfs is a loadable kernel module supported on 2.0.x and 1.3.x. Installation requires the modutils package. After installation clients are mounted using the muserfs command which ensures that the mount point is legal and then mounts the given process with the user's permissions.
Filesystems included in the userfs distribution include:

homer, which is written in C++ and sets up a single directory containing symbolic links named after each user name in the passworld file which points to the associated home directory;

ftpfs, an experimental filesystem which allows readonly access to FTP sites and maintains a long-term disk cache;

mailfs is for reading mail;

arcfs, allows you to mount a compressed tar file as a read-only filesystem and inspect it with normal tools;

intfs, an experimental filesystem in which file contents can be generated by arbitrary shell scripts on the fly; and

egfs, a simple example/tutorial filesystem.

A separately available filesystem which works with userfs is vcdfs.
[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ALPHA/userfs/]
UserIPAcct: A program for performing per-user IP accounting. This introduces a new policy mechanism that provides per-user IP stats by adding the appropriate code to the kernel as well as providing programs to control and use the collected accounting data. Present and planned features include:

remote IP statistics and control;

local machine IP statistics and control;

a rule-based system for control;

a GUI userspace IP controlling program;

a Perl module;

per-user bandwidth throttling; and

an option for IPQuota interacting with bandmin.

[http://zaheer.grid9.net/useripacct/]
User-Mode Linux: A virtual machine that can run a version of Linux in software on top of another version running on hardware. The user-mode kernel is fully functional, with hardware support coming in the form of driver emulation. The devices supported are block devices (files, CDs, floppies, disk partitions, etc.), a console, virtual consoles, a serial line, and a network device. Most available filesystems will work on the virtual machine. This has been used for kernel development and debugging, experimenting with development kernels, trying new distributions, as a secure sandbox or jail, for virtual networking, as a test environment, for disaster recovery practice, as a Linux environment for other operating systems (eventually), and for virtual hosting.
[http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/]
UTAM: A collection of Fortran programs developed by the Utah Tomography and Modeling/Migration Consortium for performing various tasks in seismic processing including forward modeling, inversion, filtering and graphing. The forward modeling codes include:

ray3, for tracing transmission rays in 2- and 3-D slowness media;

aneik, for traveltime calculations for quasi-P, quasi-SV and SH waves in a 2-D TI medium by Huygens' principle;

eik, for first arrival traveltime calculations for 2-D isotropic media;

eik3d, computes traveltimes in 3-D isotropic media by a finite difference solution to the 3-D eikonal equation;

pp4, models 2-D borehole acoustic synthetic seismograms by a 2nd order in time and 4th order in space finite difference solution to the 2-D acoustic wave equation;

pp425, models axisymmetric borehole acoustic synthesis seismograms via a 2nd order in time and 4th order in space finite difference solution to the axisymmetric acoustic wave equation;

fd3dac, models 3-D acoustic synthetic seismograms by a 2nd order in time and 4th order in space finite difference solution to the 3-D acoustic wave equation;

psvr4, models 2-D P-SV synthetic seismograms by a 2nd order in time and 4th order in space finite difference solution to the 2-D elastic wave equation;

sh4, models 2-D SH elastic synthetic seismograms by a 2nd order in time and 4th order in space finite difference solution to the 2-D SH elastic wave equation;

an2dh, models TI elastic synthetic seismograms by a 2nd order in time and 4th order in space finite difference solution to the 2-D TI elastic wave equation;

fd3d2, models 3-D synthetic seismograms by a 2-4 finite difference solution to the 3-D elastic wave equation as optimized for Cray computers;

sep, separates a 2-D elastic wavefield into P- and S-energy;

vgpsvr4, models 2-D P-SV synthetic seismograms by a 2-4 finite difference solution to the 2-D elastic wave equation using an adaptive grid method;

ap4, models 2-D acoustic pressure synthetic seismograms by a 2-4 adaptive staggered grid solution to the 2-D acoustic wave equation;

ve2d5, models axisymmetric viscoelastic synthetic seismograms by a 2-4 staggered grid finite difference method;

ae2d, models 2-D P-SV synthetic seismograms by a 2-4 finite difference solution to the 2-D elastic wave equation using an adaptive grid method with a conservation flux condition; and

em2d, models 2-D synthetic electrograms by a 2-4 staggered finite difference solution to the 2-D Maxwell's equation.

Inversion codes include:

inveik, for modeling and inverting crosshole first arrival traveltime data with a finite difference eikonal equation solver;

refra-2d, 2-D turning ray tomography for first arrival traveltime data from a surface seismic array;

refra-3d, 3-D turning ray tomography for first arrival traveltime data from a surface seismic survey;

wtw, forward modeling of the acoustic wave equation and velocity inversion using cross-well seismic data;

dinvrtl, for computing or inverting the fundamental mode dispersion curve of Love surface waves; and

dinvrtr, for computing or inverting the fundemental mode dispersion curve of Rayleigh surface waves.

Codes for filtering coherent events with a wavelet transform:

wvltf, the main filtering code;

segy2fuf, converts files from SEGY format to unformatted Fortran data; and

fuf2segy, converts files from unformatted Fortran data to SEGY format.

Migration codes are:

mig-x, a Kirchhoff integral migration code that migrates cross-well data by applying a reflector dip angle constraint and a large incidence angle constraint; and

dephmig, a Kirchhoff depth migration code that can be used for 3-D or 2-D prestack or poststack migration.

[http://utam.geophys.utah.edu/./codes/fortran.html]
util-linux: A collection of essential utilities for Linux systems meant primarily for system integrators and do-it-yourself Linux hackers. The utilities in the package include:

agetty;

arch, which prints the machine architecture;

cal, which displays a calendar;

cfdisk, a curses-based disk partition table manipulator;

chfn, which changes finger information;

chkdupexe, which finds duplicate executables;

chroot, which changes the root directory for a process to a new one and executes a program there;

chsh, which changes the default login shell;

clear, which clears the terminal screen;

clock, which displays the time in an icon or window;

hwclock;

col, which filters out reverse line feeds from input;

colcrt, which filters nroff output for CRT previewing;

colrm, which removes columns from a file;

column, which columnates lists;

ctrlaltdel, which sets the function of the CTRL-ALT-DEL combination;

cytune, which tunes Cyclades driver parameters;

ddate, which converts Gregorian dates to Discordian dates;

dmesg, which prints or controls the kernel ring buffer to produce a list of bootup messages;

dnsdomainname, which shows the system's domain name;

domainname, which shows or sets the system's NIS/YP domain name;

dsplit, which splits a large file into pieces;

fastboot;

fasthalt;

fdformat, which low-level formats a floppy disk;

fdisk, a partition table manipulator;

fsck.minix, a file system consistency checker;

getopt, which parses command line options;

halt, which reboots and stops the system;

hexdump, which performs ascii, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal dumps;

hostid, which sets or prints the system host ID;

hostname, which shows the system's host name;

ipcrm, which provides information on IPC facilities;

ipcs, which provides information on IPC facilities;

kbdrate, which resets the keyboard repeat rate and delay time;

kill, which terminates a process;

last, which shows a listing of the last logged in users;

logger, which makes entries in the system log;

login, which allows users to log in;

look, which displays lines beginning with a given string;

mcookie, which generates magic cookies for xauth;

mesg, which controls write access to the terminal;

mkfs, which builds a Linux file system;

mkfs.minix, which builds a Linux MINIX file system;

mkswap, which sets up a swap area;

more, for looking at text files on CRTs;

mount, which mounts a file system;

namei, which follows a pathname until a terminal point is found;

passwd, a password file manipulation tool;

ramsize, which queries or sets RAM disk size;

rdev, which prints a line for the current root file system;

readprofile, a tool for reading kernel profiling information;

reboot, which reboots the system;

renice, which alters the priority of a running process;

reset, which attempts to cull crowded lines from an output picture;

rev, which reverses lines in a file;

rootflags, which prints usage information for a root device;

script, which makes a typescript of a terminal session;

setfdprm, which sets user provided floppy disk parameters;

setserial, which gets or sets serial port information;

setsid, which runs a program in a new session;

setterm, which sets terminal attributes;

shutdown, which brings the system down;

simpleinit;

sln;

strings, which prints the character sequences at least 4 characters long and which are followed by an unprintable character;

swapdevf;

swapoff, disables devices and files for paging and swapping;

swapon, enables devices and files for paging and swapping;

sync, which commits buffer cache to disk;

syslogd, the system logging daemon;

tsort, which performs topological sorts of a directed graph;

tunelop;

ul, which performs underlining;

umount, which unmounts file systems;

vidmode, wich prints usage information about the video mode;

vipw, which edits the password file;

wall, which sends a message to all terminals;

whereis, which locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a command; and

write, which sends a message to another user.

A source code distribution of the util-linux collection is available. It attempts to be portable although the only platform on which it's been extensively tested is Linux Intel. Each utility is documented in a man page.
[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/misc/]
u2fs: A driver which provides UFS filesystem support to kernels 2.0.*. It is currently (9/97) readonly and can be used to read SunOS4/NextStep/NetBSD floppy and hard disks. It handles the endian problem (i.e. opposite endianness) by swapping bytes on the fly for filesystem structures (but not for file contents).
[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs/]
uts: A Scheme bytecode interpreter which although minimal is almost fully R4RS-compliant. This is available as either a Java runtime application or as Scheme source code.
[http://www.well.com/user/djello/]
Uts: The University of Toronto Simulator is a set of C libraries which can be used to build complex or experimental neural networks. It uses the Tcl/Tk command language as an interface and also extends the Tcl language by providing commands for building and modifying neural networks, optimizing functions using many different methods (including conjugate gradient optimization), and examining and modifying C data structures. Uts also has a graphical user interface created with Tk which allows a user to interactively load and examine networks, train them using any of the available methods, and test them on different data. Release 4 of Uts contains the Uts library as well as two pre-built modules that implement a backpropagation simulator and a mixture of Gaussians simulator. A module implementing a Helmholtz machine is planned.
The source code for the Uts library is available and can be compiled on most UNIX platforms. To build the library and simulators you need Tcl 7.3, Tk 3.6, TclX 7.3 and Itcl 1.5. Note that these are older versions since Uts hasn't been updated for more recent versions of these. These older version are available at the Uts site. The library is documented via man pages and the simulators each have a tutorial document in LaTeX format.
[http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~xerion/]
UUCP: The UNIX to UNIX Copy Protocol is a way to transfer files between computersrunning UNIX. This protocol and utilties which implement it were originally designed for store-and-forward communications where messages are held until they can be transmitted over direct lines to another node. This was used extensively before the advent of readily available permanent connections on packet-switching networks made possible the use of FTP and related protocols. UUCP is still used for such applications as receiving and sending mail via an intermittent connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and related tasks. A freely available version of UUCP utilities is Taylor UUCP. See O'Reilly and Todino (1992), Ravin et al. (1996), and Todino and Dougherty (1987).
UUDeview: This package enables a user to transmit and receive binary files over electronic media. It is a library consisting of a highly portable set of functions which provide facilities for decoding uuencoded, xxencoded, Base64, and BinHex encoded files as well as for encoding binary files into all of these except BinHex. It was designed to fit the needs of news readers but can be applied more widely. UUDeview is a smart, multi-part, multi-file decoder which is used on single or multiple files saved from a news reader or otherwise obtained.
[http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/~fp/uudeview/]
[http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/text/]
UVIP3P: A Fortran 77 package for univariate interpolation with the accuracy of a third-degree polynomial. This is TOMS algorithm 697 and is documented in Akima (1991b) and Akima (1991a).
[http://www.acm.org/calgo/contents/]
[http://www.acm.org/toms/V17.html]
[http://www.netlib.org/toms/index.html]
Uvi_Wave: A set of wavelet processing functions implemented as Matlab scripts for research and application development in digital signal processing. The toolbox is organized into several sections including:

Filter Generation, a section containin filter generation functions and auxiliary routines;

Wavelet Transform, a section with all of the 1- and 2-D wavelet transform functions;

Wavelet Packet Transform, containing the 1- and 2-D wavelet packet transform functions;

Subband Management, containing the subband extraction and insertion functions as well as various utilities;

Viewing Utilities, for displaying results;

Multiresolution Analysis, functions for calculating approximations and detailed signals; and

Demo, containing various demonstration programs and other useful routines.

A source code distribution is available as well as a user's manual in PostScript format.
[http://www.tsc.uvigo.es/~wavelets/uvi_wave.html]
uwatch: A program for indicating when selected users log in or out of a system. This can be set for all users or a limited set and can customize notification messages. An external program can also be set to run when it detects a given user or users. A source code distribution of this C program is available.
[http://www.xenos.net/~xenon/software/uwatch/index.html]
UW-IMAP: A mail server which implements the IMAP protocols. This is from the same folks who created Pine.
[ftp://ftp.cac.washington.edu/imap/]

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Manbreaker Crag 2001-03-08