U.S. snowfall data
NDP-031
Average Total Snowfall Data for Selected U.S. Stations (1989)
National Climatic Data Center

From 1868 through 1986, the average monthly snowfalls for 286 U.S. stations were extracted from the Local Climatological Data Annual Summary. Only stations operating in 1986 and having a minimum of 3 years data and at least one month on record with snowfall greater than a trace (>0.05 in.) were included in the record. The data contain the station name, number of years of data used to estimate the average monthly snowfall, average monthly snowfall, and annual snowfall. The monthly average snowfall data for 286 U.S. stations are in one 46.4-kB file.

Antarctic surface temperature and pressure
NDP-032
Antarctic Surface Temperature and Pressure Data (1989)
P. D. Jones, and D. W. S. Limbert (contributors)

Monthly mean surface temperature and pressure data for 30 Antarctic stations (the earliest beginning in 1903 and all extending through 1988) were assembled primarily from World Weather Records and Monthly Climatic Data for the World. The data were assessed for quality and long-term homogeneity. The data presented are station name, station latitude and longitude, station elevation, first and final year of data record, year, mean monthly sea-level or station-level pressure, and mean monthly surface temperature. The data are in four files (two temperature and two pressure data files) ranging in size from 25 to 43 kB.

CO2 concentrations at U.S.S.R. sites
NDP-033 (WDC-A)
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Derived from Flask Samples Collected at U.S.S.R.-Operated Sampling Sites (1991)
A. M. Brounshtein, E. V. Faber, and A. A. Shashkov (contributors)

This NDP represents the first CDIAC data package to result from our involvement with Soviet scientists as part of Working Group (WG) VIII of the U.S.- U.S.S.R. Joint Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection. The U.S.- U.S.S.R. Agreement on Protection of the Environment, established in 1972, covers a wide variety of areas, including environmental pollution, the urban environment, nature preserves, arctic and subarctic ecological systems, earthquake prediction, and institutional measures for environmental protection.

WG VIII is concerned with the influence of environmental changes on climate. CDIAC's activities have been conducted under the auspices of WG VIII's "Data Exchange Management" project. (The four other WG VIII projects deal with climate change, atmospheric composition, clouds and radiation fluxes, and stratospheric ozone.) In addition to the Main Geophysical Observatory, other Soviet institutions that have been cooperating with CDIAC in the exchange of CO2 and climate-related data include the All-Union Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information (Obninsk) and the State Hydrological Institute (St. Petersburg). NDP-033 presents daily atmospheric CO2 concentrations from four U.S.S.R.- operated sampling sites [Teriberka Station (69o 12' N, 35o 06' E), Ocean Statio n Charlie (52o 45' N, 35o 30' W), Bering Island (55o 12' N, 165o 59' E), and Kote lny Island (76o 06' N, 137o 54' E)]. The period of record varies by station, with t he earliest measurements dating back to 1983 and recent estimates from early 1991. These CO2 concentrations are derived from air samples collected in 1.5-L stainless steel electropolished flasks and later analyzed at the Main Geophysic al Observatory (St. Petersburg, U.S.S.R.) with a nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. Measurements not meeting wind direction, wind speed, interflask agreement, and climate-condition criteria were either discarded or flagged. All measurements have been corrected for drift biases introduced during flask storage.

These atmospheric CO2 concentrations are considered indicative of regional background air conditions and are directly traceable to the World Meteorological Organization's primary CO2 standards. These measurements support the rising trend in atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at other monitoring sites around the world and may be compared with similar measurements made by various monitoring programs at other northern-latitude sites.

Annual mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations, calculated from available individual flask measurements for the four sites, have increased from 352.38 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1988 to 354.97 ppmv in 1990 for Teriberka Station, 343.52 ppmv in 1983 to 355.68 ppmv in 1990 for Ocean Station Charlie, 345.19 ppmv in 1986 to 354.93 ppmv in 1990 for Bering Island, and 351.96 ppmv in 1987 to 356.05 ppmv in 1990 for Kotelny Island. The atmospheric CO2 measurements from each site show a pronounced annual seasonal oscillation caused by photosynthetic depletion during the northern growing season. The amplitudes of these seasonal oscillations are quite large (10 to 30 ppmv) and are consistent with measurement records from other northern-latitude locations.

The NDP consists of a written document and a magnetic tape containing seven files: four data files (one for each station) that provide the atmospheric CO2 concentrations from individual flask measurements, a descriptive file, and FORTRAN and SAS computer codes to access the data files. The written document presents the atmospheric CO2 concentrations in graphic and tabular form, describes the sampling methods, defines limitations and restrictions of the data, and describes the information on the magnetic media. The data files range in size from 0.97 to 20.01 kB. These data are also available on CD-ROM or via FTP. For those wishing to receive these data on floppy diskette, the same files are available on IBM-formatted, high- or low-density, 5.25- or 3.5-inch floppy diskettes as DOS ASCII text files.

Canadian atmospheric CO2
NDP-034 (WDC-A)
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations - The Canadian Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (1989)
N. B. A. Trivett (contributor)

Flask air samples collected at roughly weekly intervals at three Canadian sites [Alert, Northwest Territories (July 1975 through October 1987); Sable Island, Nova Scotia (June 1975 through October 1987); and Cape St. James, British Columbia (May 1979 through October 1987)] were analyzed for CO2 concentration with the measurements directly traceable to the WMO primary CO2 standards. Each record includes the date, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and flask classification code.

They provide an accurate record of CO2 concentration levels in Canada during the past decade. Because these data are directly traceable to WMO standards, this record may be compared with records from other Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) stations. The data are in three files (one for each of the monitoring stations) ranging in size from 3.2 to 12.8 kB.

Global storm database
NDP-035
Global Geographic Information System Data Base of Storm Occurrences and Other Climatic Phenomena Affecting Coastal Zones (1991)
K. R. Birdwell, and R. C. Daniels (contributors)

This NDP quantifies the occurrence of synoptic storms and other climatological factors that affect coastlines (e.g., induce erosion or contribute to coastal inundation). This NDP is unique in that it represents CDIAC's first offering of ARC/INFO export data files and equivalent flat ASCII data files that may be used by raster or vector geographic information systems (GISs). The data set contains 61 variables, including information on tropical storms, hurricanes, super typhoons, extratropical cyclogeneses, polar lows, cyclonicity, influence of winds in monsoon regions, and sea-ice concentrations. Increased availability of source data has made it possible to extend the area of these data variables to regional or global coverages. All data variables except five are referenced to 1o * 1o or 5o * 5o grid cells of latitude and longitude. These data help meet the demand for new and improved climatologies of storm events and may be used in climate research studies, including the verification of general circulation models and the calculation of storm-recurrence intervals.

The NDP consists of a written report and a 9-track magnetic tape containing 34 files, including eight ARC/INFO files, flat ASCII files, and FORTRAN and SAS retrieval routines; a vector coordinate file; and a descriptive file. The data files range in size from 0.1 kB to 5.31 MB. The data are also available on CD-ROM or via FTP. For those wishing to receive these data on floppy diskettes, CDIAC will provide all except the ARC/INFO files on IBM-format, high-density 5.25- or 3.5-in. diskettes.

Indian Ocean radiocarbon data
NDP-036
Indian Ocean Radiocarbon: Data from the INDIGO 1, 2, and 3 Cruises (1991)
H. Gote Ostlund, and C. Grall (contributors)

This data set presents 14C activities from water samples taken at various locations and depths in the Indian and Southern oceans through the Indien Gaz Ocean (INDIGO) project. These data were collected as part of the INDIGO 1, INDIGO 2, and INDIGO 3 cruises, which took place during the years 1985, 1986, and 1987, respectively. These data have been used to estimate the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 in the Indian and Southern oceans. The records include the station, date, ocean bottom depth, latitude and longitude, sampling depth, potential temperature, salinity, density, total CO2, 13C, and 14C activity. The data are in one file of 25 kB.

Effect of CO2 on cotton data
NDP-037 (WDC-A)
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment: Data on the Response of Cotton to Varying CO2 Irrigation, and Nitrogen (1992)
B. A. Kimball, J. R. Mauney, R. L. La Morte, G. Guinn, F. S. Nakayama, J. W. Radin, E. A. Lakatos, S. T. Michell, L. L. Parker, G. J. Peresta, P. E. Nixon III, B. Savoy, S. M. Harris, R. MacDonald, H. Pros, and J. Martinez (contributors)

This NDP presents data on the effects of continuous CO2 enrichment of cotton during five consecutive growing seasons, 1983 to 1987, under both optimal and limiting levels of water and nitrogen. Unlike many prior CO2-enrichment experiments in growth chambers or greenhouses, these studies were conducted on field-planted cotton at close to natural conditions with open-top chambers. Measurements were made on a variety of crop-response variables during the growing season and upon crop harvest. The initial experiment examined the effects of varying CO2 concentration only. During the following two seasons, the interactive effects of CO2 concentration and water availability were studied. During the final two seasons, the interactions among CO2 concentration, water availability, and nitrogen fertility were investigated.

The data include identification variables (such as year, institution and site codes, and treatment regimens), intermediate growth measurements (such as plant height, leaf-area index, number of flowers, and dry weight of leaves) taken at various times during the growing season, and crop-harvest results (such as lint yield, seed yield, and total aboveground dry biomass). These data will be useful in studying the possible future effects on crop production of a doubling of global atmospheric CO2 concentrations and for validating crop-growth models designed to predict the effects of elevated CO2 on cotton growth. The data show that, for all five growing seasons and all experimental treatments, cotton yields and plant dry weights were increased significantly by CO2 enrichment.

The NDP includes a 48.4-kB ASCII data file, FORTRAN and SAS computer codes for accessing the data, a descriptive file, and written documentation. The documentation includes a supplemental text that describes and presents data for many other parameters, including daily weather, soil profile properties (e.g., initial soil moisture and nitrogen conditions), and irrigation and fertilizer treatments. These additional data are available from CDIAC on magnetic media upon request.

Atmospheric methane
NDP-038 (WDC-A)
Atmospheric Methane Concentrations - The NOAA/CMDL Global Cooperative Flask Sampling Network, 1983-1988 (1991)
L. P. Steel, and P. M. Lang (contributors)

This data set presents monthly averages and sampling statistics for atmospheric methane concentrations from measurements made by the global cooperative flask sampling network of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA/CMDL) from 1983 through 1988. The data are derived from a network of 30 stations (26 of which were still active at the end of 1988), which collected flask air samples approximately once per week for measurement of both methane and CO2. The samples were analyzed for atmospheric methane concentration on a gas chromatograph (fitted with a flame ionization detector) at the NOAA/CMDL laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. The data consist of station identification code; year; and mean monthly methane concentration, standard deviation, and number of samples contributing to the mean for each month. The data are in one file of 66.5 kB.

Republic of China climate data
NDP-039
Two Long-Term Instrumental Climatic Data Bases of the People's Republic of China (1991)
S. Tao, C. Fu, Z. Zeng, and Q. Zhang (contributors)

Two long-term instrumental data bases containing meteorological observations from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are presented in this NDP. These data sets were compiled in accordance with a joint research agreement signed by the U.S. Department of Energy and the PRC Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on Aug. 19, 1987. CAS has provided records from 265 stations, partitioned into two networks of 60 and 205 stations, each providing good geographical coverage of the PRC.

The 60-station-network data contain monthly means, extremes, or totals of barometric pressure, air temperature, precipitation amount, relative humidity, sunshine duration, cloud amount, dominant wind direction and frequency, wind speed, and number of days with snow cover. Detailed station histories are presented for all 60 stations.

The 205-station-network data contain monthly mean temperatures and monthly precipitation totals; however, station histories are not currently available. Sixteen stations from these data sets (13 from the 60-station, 3 from the 205-station) have temperature and/or precipitation records beginning before 1900, whereas the remaining stations began observing in the early to mid-1900s. Records from 262 stations extend through 1988; the remaining three station records extend through the early 1980s.

The data are contained in five files [one station-inventory file for each of the networks (3.2 kB for the 60-station; 13.7 kB for the 205-station), one data file for the 60-station network (6.5 MB), one temperature data file for the 205-station network (1 MB), and one precipitation data file for the 205- station network (1 MB)].

U.S.S.R. daily temperature and precipitation data
NDP-040
Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data for 223 U.S.S.R. Stations (1993)
V. N. Razuvayev, E. G. Apasova, and R. A. Martuganov (contributors)

Under an international agreement, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, N.C., is exchanging climatological information with the Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information in Obninsk, Russia. To expedite the dissemination of these data, CDIAC, with funding provided by NCDC, is distributing one of the more useful archives acquired through this exchange: a 223-station daily data set covering from 1881 to 1989. The data set contains (1) minimum, mean, and maximum daily temperatures; (2) daily precipitation; (3) station inventory information (i.e., WMO number, name, coordinates, and elevation); (4) station history (i.e., station relocation and rain-gage replacement information); and (5) quality-assurance information (i.e., flag codes that were assigned as a result of various data checks). The data are in 18 files.