Historical U.S. sunshine and cloud data
NDP-021/R1
Historical Sunshine and Cloud Data in the United States (revised 1991)
P. M. Steurer, and T. R. Karl (contributors)

This data base presents monthly sunshine data from 240 U.S. stations (including Puerto Rico and nine Pacific Islands) and monthly cloud amount data from 197 U.S. stations. The longest periods of record are 1891 through 1987 for the sunshine data and 1871 through 1987 for the cloud data. The sunshine data were derived from measurements taken by a variety of sunshine-recording instruments. The cloud data were derived from land-based estimates of fractional cloud amount, which were made with observation practices that have varied during the period of record. Station number, station name, latitude, and longitude are given for all stations in each network. The sunshine data include monthly and annual total hours of recorded sunshine, monthly and annual maximum possible hours of sunshine, monthly and annual percentages of possible sunshine (hours recorded/hours possible), and dates of use for specific types of sunshine recorders at each station. The cloud data contain monthly and annual cloud amount (in percent of sky cover). The sunshine data are in four files: one station inventory (34.1 kB), one monthly and annual hours of measured sunshine (1.6 MB), one monthly and annual maximum possible hours of sunshine (21.5 kB), and one monthly and annual percentage of possible sunshine (2.1 MB). The cloud data are in two files: one station inventory (20.4 kB) and one monthly and annual cloud amount (2.4 MB). The data are available on 9-track magnetic tape only.

Global and hemispheric temperature variations (1861-1988)
NDP-022/R1
Global and Hemispheric Annual Temperature Variations Between 1861 and 1988 (revised 1990)
P. D. Jones, T. M. L. Wigley, and P. B. Wright (contributors)

This data set contains estimates of global and hemispheric annual temperature variations, relative to a 1950 through 1979 reference period, for 1861 through 1988. The estimates are based on corrected land and ocean data. Land data were derived from meteorological data and fixed-position weather-ship data that were corrected for nonclimatic errors, such as station shifts and/or instrument changes. The marine data used were those in the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) compilation, which with updates covers to 1986. Updates to 1988 were made with hemispheric sea-surface temperature estimates produced by the U.K. Meteorological Office. Each record includes year and six annual temperature variations: one estimate each for the globe, the Northern Hemisphere, and the Southern Hemisphere and another estimate each that reflects an adjustment to account for the influence of El Ni¤o/Southern Oscillation events. The data are in one file of 13 kB.

Annual and seasonal ozone variations (1958-1989)
NDP-023/R1
Annual and Seasonal Global Variation in Total Ozone and Layer-Mean Ozone, 1958-1989 (revised 1992)
J. K. Angell, J. Korshover, and W. G. Planet (contributors)

For 1958 through 1989, this data base presents total ozone variations and layer mean ozone variations expressed as percent deviations from the 1958 to 1977 mean. The total ozone variations were derived from mean monthly ozone values published in Ozone Data for the World by the Atmospheric Environment Service in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization. The layer mean ozone variations are derived from ozonesonde and Umkehr observations. The data records include year, seasonal and annual total ozone variations, and seasonal and annual layer mean ozone variations. The total ozone data are for four regions (Soviet Union, Europe, North America, and Asia); five climatic zones (north and south polar, north and south temperate, and tropical); both hemispheres; and the world. Layer mean ozone data are for four climatic zones (north and south temperate and north and south polar) and for the stratosphere, troposphere, and tropopause layers. The data are in two files [seasonal and year-average total ozone (13.4 kB) and layer mean ozone variations (24.2 kB)].

Pressure reconstructions for Europe and North America (1858-1980)
NDP-025
Monthly Mean Pressure Reconstructions for Europe (1780-1980) and North America (1858-1980) (1987)
P. D. Jones, T. M. L. Wigley, and K. R. Briffa (contributors)

Real and reconstructed measurements of monthly mean pressure data have been constructed for Europe for 1780 through 1980 and North America for 1858 through 1980. The reconstructions use early pressure, temperature, and precipitation data from a variety of sources including World Weather Records, meteorological and national archives, circulation maps, and daily chart series. Each record contains the year, monthly mean pressure, quality code, and annual mean pressure. These reconstructed gridded monthly pressures provide a reliable historical record of mean sea-level pressures for Europe and North America. The data are in two files: pressure reconstructions for Europe (1.47 MB) and for North America (0.72 MB).

Climatological data for clouds from surface observations
NDP-026
Climatological Data for Clouds Over the Globe from Surface Observations (1988)
C. J. Hahn, S. G. Warren, J. London, R. L. Jenne, and R. M. Chervin (contributors)

With some data from as early as 1930, global long-term monthly and/or seasonal total cloud cover, cloud type amounts and frequencies of occurrence, low cloud base heights, harmonic analyses of annual and diurnal cycles, interannual variations and trends, and cloud type co-occurrences have been compiled and presented in two atlases (Warren et al. 1988, 1990). These data were derived from land and ship synoptic weather reports from the "SPOT" archive of the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) and from Release 1 of the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) for the years 1930-1979. The data are in 12 files (one containing latitude, longitude, land-fraction, and number of land stations for grid boxes; four containing total cloud, cloud types, harmonic analyses, and interannual variations and trends for land; four containing total cloud, cloud types, harmonic analyses, and interannual variations and trends for oceans; one containing first cloud analyses for the first year of the GARP Global Experiment (FGGE); one containing cloud-type co-occurrences for land and oceans; and one containing a FORTRAN program to read and produce maps). These files range in size from 12.5 kB to 5.67 MB and are available on 9-track magnetic tape only.

GEOSECS Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Mediterranean Radiocarbon Data
NDP-027
GEOSECS Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Mediterranean Radiocarbon Data (1988)
H. G. ™stlund, and M. Stuiver (contributors)

Radiocarbon data for the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans were obtained between 1972 and 1977 as part of the Geochemical Ocean Section Study (GEOSECS) cruises during which more than 2200 water samples were collected. Some Mediterranean Sea data were also collected. Samples for 14C were collected at 124 stations, and approximately 18 samples were collected at each station from intervals throughout the water column. The data included in the data base are ship position (latitude and longitude), sample number, depth, potential temperature, salinity, and delta 14C. The GEOSECS data sets allow a better understanding of large-scale oceanic transport and mixing and the establishment of the gross rate of deep-ocean circulation. The data are in three files (radiocarbon data for the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans) ranging in size from 39.9 to 50.4 kB.

Carbonate chemistry of the Weddell Sea
NDP-028
Carbonate Chemistry of the Weddell Sea (1988)
C.-T. A. Chen (contributor)

In the late austral winter of 1981, carbonate data were obtained from the Weddell Sea as part of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX-81). Both surface samples and vertical-station samples were taken. The data include ship position (latitude and longitude), date, station number, sample depth, salinity, water temperature, pH, normalized surface total alkalinity, and calcium. These data represent the first comprehensive carbonate data obtained in the Weddell Sea during late winter. Because of the importance of the Weddell Sea as a source of deep water for the world's oceans, these data have improved the understanding of the oceanic circulation of excess CO2 in the carbon cycle. The data are in two files [one for data from surface stations (15.5 kB) and one for data from vertical stations (5.9 kB)].

Carbonate chemistry of the North Pacific
NDP-029
Carbonate Chemistry of the North Pacific Ocean (1988)
C.-T. A. Chen, M. R. Rodman, C.-L. Wei, E. J. Olson, R. A. Feely, and J. F. Gendron (contributors)

Carbonate chemistry data from 41 stations in the North Pacific Ocean were obtained during two NOAA CO2 Dynamics Cruises (June-July 1981 and May-June 1982) and two legs of the NORPAX Hawaii-Tahiti Shuttle Experiment (April 1979 and March-April 1980). The data for each sample include ship position (latitude and longitude), date, station number, sample depth, salinity, water temperature, pH, normalized total alkalinity, and normalized calcium. The data from each of the three cruises are in separate files ranging in size from 7.1 kB to 10.1 kB.

CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels
NDP-030/R5 (WDC-A)
Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emission Estimates from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1950-1991 (revised 1994)
G. Marland, R. J. Andres, and T. A. Boden (contributors)

For 1950 through 1991, global, regional, and national annual estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring were calculated. These estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations, were calculated using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement production estimates from the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration, Rotty (1974), and with a few national estimates provided by G. Marland. The resulting database contains CO2 emission estimates (total emissions; emissions from solid, liquid, and gas fuels; emissions from cement production; emissions from gas flaring; and per capita emissions) and the statistics used to calculate them. The data are in nine files (three for the U.N. energy statistics; one for the Bureau of Mines cement production data; one for gas flaring estimates; one file that contains factors to convert solid fuel energy statistics into mass units; and three files containing the global, regional, and national CO2 emissions). Collectively these files require approximately 15 MB of space with the largest single data file being approximately 8 MB.